An organism with chloroplast in its cell is probably a
autotroph
autotrophs
are organisms that produce their own food from inorganic substances,
... [Show More] plants are autotrophs
heterotrophs
obtain their food by consuming plants or other animals. They are also referred to as consumers.
Primary consumers may be herbivores
herbivores
plant eaters
omnivores
plant and meat eaters
Secondary consumers
are carnivores, meat eaters, or omnivores that eat herbivores.
Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat
other carnivores or omnivores.
What property of water allows someone to fill a glass slightly above the rim without the water flowing over?
surface tension
Water molecules are polar. This is due to the fact that oxygen draws the electrons in the molecule toward itself. Thus, there is a negative charge surrounding the oxygen and a positive charge around the hydrogen. The unbalanced charges cause the water molecules to cluster, and this gives the water the properties called surface tension. Surface tension is the the attraction between molecules at the surface of a liquid, which allows a glass to be filled above the rim without the water flowing over.
The gap between the neurons are called
synapses
Which group of chemicals are not normally found in most living things?
silicates
Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) are all very important chemicals in living things.
Silicates examples are in sand and glass
The alimentary canal is associated with the
the whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus. It includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
digestive tract
The numerous villi in the small intestine serve to
provide greater surface area for absorption
As light passes obliquely from air to water, it is bent. The bending is called
refraction
refraction is the bending of light as it passes obliquely from one medium to another, in this case from air to water. The speed of light wave changes changes when it changes media. When the light wave enters the second medium at an oblique angle, it changes direction; the light wave is bent.
diffraction
refers to the spreading of light waves as they pass through a narrow opening
reflection
occurs when light bounces off an object.
dispersion
occurs when light is separated into its spectrum
Which of the following organelles is not involved in protein synthesis?
mitochondrion
To be absorbed by cells, proteins must be changed into
amino acids
A neuron that transmits impulses from the receptors to the spinal cord is called
a sensory neuron
Potential energy can be thought of a function of height. Since total energy is always conserved, the kinetic energy is at its maximum when the potential is at its minimum.
or at the bottom of the incline.
Which group of organisms can helps prevent the accumulation of organic wastes in nature?
mosses is an algae
the correct answer is bacteria = bacteria comprise the decomposer portion of the food chain. They are responsible for recycling organic material into inorganic material that plants can use to undergo photosynthesis.
As the eardrum is made to vibrate more rapidly, the sound is perceived as
higher in pitch
high pitch sounds are heard when the receptor cells closer to the oval window are stimulated, and low-pitch sounds result from the stimulation of the cells that are farther down the cochlea. The more rapid the vibration is, the higher the pitch
In a field of pure white asters, a grower noticed a single blue aster. How could the grower test whether this change affected the gamete-producing cells of the plant?
self-pollinate the flower, and plant the resulting seeds.
Self pollination would allow the plant to produce gametes sperm and eggs that would unite and form seeds. Observing the color of the plants from these seeds would allow the planter to determine whether this change occurred at the level of the gametes.
A human egg will develop into a female if it is fertilized by a sperm containing
XX chromosome
XY - male`
In a food chain involving grass, grasshoppers, birds, and mammals, the original source of energy is
sunlight
Which of the following is an neutralization reaction?
H2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 ---> 2H2O + CaCO3
Is an reaction between an acid (carbonic acid) and a base [Ca(OH)2] to form water and a salt.
A reaction that removes essentially all H+ and OH-
In the context of a chemical reaction the term neutralization is used for a reaction between an acid and a base
acid + base → salt + water
Acids are ionic compounds ( a compound with a positive or negative charge) that break apart in water to form a hydrogen ion (H+).
Example: HCl (Hydrochloric acid) in water
*Bases are ionic compounds that break apart to form a negatively charged hydroxide ion (OH-) in water.
Example: NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide-a strong base) in water
When oxygen goes from air in the lungs into the blood, it does so by
diffusion
Which of the following organs controls the amount of calcium in the blood?
parathyroid
They produce parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone (PTH, parathormone) works antagonistically with calcitonin, which is produced in the thyroid gland. When calcium levels in the blood are low, PTH causes bone cells to break down and release calcium. When calcium levels are high, calcitonin causes calcium to deposit onto the bones.
pituitary gland
located under the brain
hormones: growth-stimulating hormones, follicle stimulating hormones (FSH) thyroid - stimulating hormones
function: master gland, controls other endocrine glands
thyroid gland
location: on the trachea, in the neck region
hormones: thyroxin (iodine -containing compound)
function: regulates metabolism
parathyroid gland
location: behind the thyroid gland
hormones: parathormone
function: regulates calcium metabolism
adrenal gland
location: on the kidneys
hormones: adrenaline. steroids (cortisone)
function: so-called flight or fight hormone, regulate water balance, blood pressure, joint articulation.
isles of Langerhans
location: pancreas
hormones: insulin, glucagon
function: control storage of sugar in liver and blood level sugar
testes male glands
location: male scrotum
hormones: testosterone
function: male secondary sex characteristics
ovaries female glands
location: pelvic region
hormones: estrogen and progesterone
function: female secondary sex characteristics, menstrual cycle
Which of the following organs has the added function of producing digestive enzymes?
the pancreas produces enzymes that take part in digestion. In addition, the pancreas produces hormones insulin and glucagon
A reading on the Celsius scale is 5 degrees. On the Fahrenheit scale, the reading would be closest to
Which of the following represents an alcohol?
CH3COOH
An alcohol is usually represented by structurally by the presence of an OH group attached to a hydrocarbon. The presence of a COOH group represents a carboxylic acid.
If a car rate's of velocity is negative, the car is
slowing down
If a car's rate of change of velocity is negative, the car's acceleration is negative. This means that the car is decelerating (slowing down)
Which of these nitrogenous bases may be found in RNA, but not DNA?
uracil
Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U),
and
Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G
DNA 4 base sequences
They complement each other in DNA as follows:
Cytosine = Guanine and
Adenine = Thymine
A substance with a pH of 8 is a
strong base
Binary fission in paramecia and budding in yeast cells are examples of
asexual reproduction only
because cell division in both cases depends on mitosis
Which of the following form an alkaline solution in water?
An alkaline solution is one that is a pH higher than 7.0. For instance, venous blood, at a pH of 7.3, is an alkaline solution, as is household ammonia at a pH of 12. Generally, as you advance from 7.1 up through a pH of 14, the concentration of hydroxyl ions (OH-) also increases in solution.
Mg(OH)2
The experiment uses the technique of
chromatography
paper chromatography is a method that uses the natural capillary action of liquids to separate substances into thir components.
Which diagram represents a nonpolar covalent pond?
page 226 #45
Cl2
The bonding between the chlorine atoms involves an equal sharing of electrons.
HBr and NH3 are polar molecules with polar covalent bonds
LICl is an ionic bond
Certain seaweeds accumulate iodine in a concentration as much as a million times greater than that of a the surrounding ocean. This is due to
active transport
Since the concentration is so much in seaweed than in the surrounding water, iodine must have to move against a concentration gradient. Thus, the transport process using energy must be involved for the seaweed to accumulate such a great concentration of iodine.
Single replacement reactions involve an element reacting with a compound. During this reaction, an atom of the single element replaces an element in the compound. For example
Cl2 + 2NaBr ---> 2NaCl + Br2
Chlorine replaces bromine in the compound `
Which of the following organisms has a nutritive process most similar to that of animals?
bread mold is a fungus. Fungi are unable to make their own food and are dependent on other life forms for nutrition. Fungi is a heterotrophs,
however
seaweed, grass and mold = autotrophs
The solubility of a solid in a liquid generally increases with
an increase in temperature but is unaffected by pressure.
Pressure will only affect the solubility of a gas
Which of these substances has the highest boiling point?
water
water molecules are attracted to each other by hydrogen bonds. Ethanol, glycerol, ether are dipoles, so the attraction between the molecules is minimal.
In humans, if the diaphragm is pushed upward, there is a decrease in chest volume. The decrease is followed by
an increase in pressure in the chest cavity and exhalation
a decrease in volume results in an increase in pressure due to Boyle's law and thus exhalation
Which of the biological processes includes the other three?
cellular respiration
cellular respiration begins with the splitting of glucose. The products then enter the Kreb's cycle and then then the electron transport chain.
A 5 year old and her father each lifted identical chairs from the floor to a table top. Which person did the most work?
They both did the same amount
An excess of which of the following ions tends to make a solution acidic?
Hydronium ions or H3O+ are essentially hydrogen ions combined with a nearby water molecule. In essence, acids are characterized by the presence of hydrogen or hydronium ions.
In the classification of two organisms, which of the following is the best evidence of a close relationship?
similar sequence of amino acids in their proteins
A similarity in amino acids suggests a similarity in the structure of the DNA and thus a close relationship between two organisms.
In Einstein equation, E = mc2 which does the c represent?
speed of light
means energy = mass x (speed of light)2
The vaporization of solid dry ice to gaseous carbon dioxide by heating is an example of
sublimation
is the direct vaporization of a solid by heating, without passing through a liquid phase
On top of a mountain, the boiling point of water is
lower than at sea level, because the atmospheric pressure is lower on the mountain
the boiling point of a solution is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the pressure of the atmosphere. At the top of the mountain, the atmospheric pressure is lower, and thus the temperature it takes for the vapor pressure of a solution to reach this pressure is lowered.
The organ in the human female that develops to nourish the embryo is called the
the placenta
is a highly vascular organ through which the fetus absorbs nutrients and excretes waste
Which of these is an product of cellular respiration in animals?
ATP
Cellular respiration is an energy-yielding process that releases ATP from organic molecules. Ethanol is produced by fermentation. RNA has nothing to do with respiration. Oxygen is a reactant, not a product.
What would be the likely result if all the bees and butterflies in an area were destroyed?
fewer plant seeds would be produced
The tiny projections in the small intestine adapted for absorption are called
villi
villi are tiny projections that are barely visible to the naked eye. They are clustered over the entire mucous surface of the small intestine, serving to increase surface area for absorption. Alveoli are in the lungs, nephrons are in the kidney, and venules are small veins.
More energy is used in pushing a box up along an inclined plane to a height of 4 m than in lifting the box straight up to the same height. This is because
work is done against friction in pushing the box along the plane
Whenever, a box is pulled along the surface, energy goes into counteracting friction. The amount of energy required is determined by the coefficient of friction
Which of the arrows in the following graph represents the wavelength of the wave shown?
pg. 230
#6
The wavelength of a wave is defined as the distance between two successive crests
Which type of circuit is shown?
A parallel circuit is defined as a circuit with the same voltage across all of its resistors. The circuit components are connected like the rungs of a ladder.
The device shown in the following circuit diagram consist if a copper wire wrapped around an iron rod and connected to a switch and a battery.
When the switch is closed, the device could serve as
an electromagnet
Whenever a wire is wrapped around a rod and connected across a power source such as a battery, the device acts as a electromagnet.
A student wants to grow a bacterial culture. Which of these environments is best suited for growing most kinds of bacteria?
an incubator at 37 C
A closed container of hydrogen gas is warmed from 20C to 25C. If the volume remains the same, what will happen to the pressure in the container?
it will increase
According to Gay-Lussac's law of gases, as temperature increases at a constant volume, pressure increases proportionally. The pressure will increase.
Most of the work done in the human kidney occurs in the
nephron
the functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. Urine is formed in the nephron by the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
Compounds with different molecular structures but the same formula are called
isomers are compounds that have the same formula but different molecular structure.
Isobars
indicate the same pressure.
Isotopes
are atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers
isotherms
indicate the same temperature
Vinegar is a common antidote for the ingestion of lye. What is the chemical process underlying this treatment?
neutralization
vinegar is an acid and lye is a base
Bean seed diagram
Which letter represents stored food for growing embryo?
page 233`
A points to the endosperm, which provides the growing embryo with nutrients. B and D point to the seed coat, an C points to the embryo.
Objects X and Y are identical. In a laboratory, object X is dropped at the same moment that object Y is thrown horizontally. The paths followed by X and Y are shown in the following diagram
X and Y will hit the ground simultaneously
Any horizontal motion, such as that of an object Y, is irrelevant because it will not affect the time taken to drop that distance.
Blue litmus paper will turn red when placed in a solution having which of the following pH values?
3
blue litmus paper turns red when placed in an acidic solution. A pH below 7 indicates an acid.
The compound H2SO4 is an example of an
acid
H2SO4 is sulfuric acid. Acid may be defined as substances that release hydrogen ions in the solution as the only positive ions.
Bases = OH
salts = have neither H+ or OH- ions
halogens = elements
Which of the following is considered a principal ecological role of green plants in the environment?
manufacturing food from simple materials
Plants undergo photosynthesis, which allows them to make glucose from the simple materials carbon dioxide and water
Page 236 = the apparatus shown is
distillation of a solution
The apparatus allows for two solvents to be separated from each other. For instance, assume the flask contains water and alcohol. Alcohol will boil first because it has a lower boiling point, and the gas will be collected in the ling tube, recondense, and collect in a second flask ( which is not shown). Thus, the alcohol can be separated from the water.
Which of the following processes best explains this phenomenon?
phototropism
is the response to the stimulus of light,
hydrotropism = external stimulus is water
tropism = is the response of a plant to external stimuli as light.
Wavelength, crests diagram
solvent
able to dissolve other substances:
"osmotic, chemical, or solvent action"
water
solute
the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent.
In a flask containing 500 mL of NaCl(aq), the solvent is
water
the notation the (aq) refers to an aqueous solution, indicating that the solvent is water
In pea plants, plant height and seed color obey the law of independent assortment. If seeds are hybrid for both of these traits, how will their offspring most likely appear?
some tall and some short, with either green or yellow seeds
The law of independent assortment states that traits are passed onto offspring independently of each other. Thus, a seed may contain either of the height alleles and either of the color alleles.
During the 1930's and through the 1950's. thousands of American children received x-ray treatment for swollen tonsils and adenoids. X rays are no longer used to treat this condition because large doses of radiation
are thought to cause certain types of cancer
A student studies a structure microscopically and notes that it contains glandular, cells. It has blood vessels entering and leaving it, but it has no duct leading out of the it. This structure must be an
endocrine gland
endocrine glands are ductless glands with blood vessels. Exocrine glands, such as digestive and tear glands, empty their secretions through ducts.
Which laboratory solution turns starch blue to black?
Lugol's solution (iodine plus potassium iodide) is an indicative that turns blue/black in the presence of solution
Which type of body cells are most directly involved when a person walks uphill?
striated muscle cells
Muscles are the tissues mostly involved when a person is exercising. Smooth muscles is found in the lining of the organs such as the uterus. Skeletal muscles, such as that found in the muscles of the legs and arms, is striated.
When red food coloring is added to a beaker of water, the coloring slowly spreads until the water is all colored pink. This is best explained by the process of
diffusion
In the diagram, a ray of light travels from air to glass page 239
which of these measuring instruments is needed to find the index of refraction of glass?
A protractor
a light beam is bent as it passes obliquely into a substance of greater optical density. The device used to measure an angle is a protractor
Many chemical reactions occur more rapidly with platinum as a catalyst. At the end of the reaction, the platinum is found to be
unchanged in weight
A catalyst only affects the rate or speed of reaction and is not changed or consumed during it.
Which formula represents a carbohydrate?
C6H12O6
glucose structural formula
an organelle near the nucleus of a cell that contains the centrioles (in animal cells) and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division.
When looking through a microscope, a student observes centrosomes in a group of cells. The cells are most likely from
skin of a mouse
a centrosome is an organelle found in animal cells
Ohm's law is used to study of
electricity
Ohm's law applies to the application of electricity. It states that voltage (V) is proportional to current (I) and resistance (R)
V =IR
A cloud chamber is a device used for
studying charged particles
a cloud chamber makes the paths of ionizing radiation rays visible. The device reveals the paths of high-speed charged particles.
Which of these temperatures could not occur?
-10K
0K/zero kelvin is the absolute zero, which is the lowest possible temperature therefore, -10Kelvin could not occur
Which organisms is classified as protisits?
protozoa and algae
How much of 12 g of a radioactive isotope with a half life of 20 years will be left after 40 years?
3 g
Two atoms are isotopes if they have the same atomic number but a different number of
neutrons
A example of isotopes are carbon 12 and carbon 14. Both have the same atomic number (number of protons) but, although, carbon 12 contains 6 neutrons and carbon 14 contains 8 neutrons
Shivering to maintain a 98.6F temperature in cold weather is an example of
homeostasis
The scientific name of a beaver is Castor Canadensis. Similarly, a coyote is Canis latrans, a mountain lion is Felis concolor, a wolf is Cantis lupus, and a cougar is Puma concolor. Which two of these animals belong to the same genus?
coyote and wolf
The wolf and coyote both belong to the genus Canis. The scientific name consist of the genus name and the species name
The first step by which a mutation may occur is a change in the
location of a nitrogen base in DNA
The sequence of messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and amino acids in protein synthesis all depend on the sequence of DNA found in the nucleus. Thus, the first step in which a mutation may occur is at the level of the DNA, which is made up of a specific sequences of bases.
In the equilibrium system A + B --->------< C = 30 kcal we can say that
forward reaction is exothermic because heat is shown as one of the product. Exo = heat exiting out of the equation on the product side
An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy by light or heat.
Expressed in a chemical equation: reactants → products + energy.
Many chemical reactions release energy in the form of heat, light, or sound. These are exothermic reactions.
A compound that can act as like either an acid or base is described as
amphoteric
amphoteric substance can behave either as an acid or base. Water is an example, of an amphoteric substance because it can act as an acid by furnishing a proton, or it can act as a base by accepting a proton
The diffusion of an water through a semipermeable membrane is called a
osmosis
Bean plant seeds are germinated in a dark closet. The seedlings lack the color green. Which of the following statements is the best explanation for this?
the absence of an environmental factor limits its proper genetic expression.
An organism that has jointed legs, an exoskeleton and a specialized segmented body belongs to the phylum
arthropods
and example of an arthropod is a lobster
Nerve impulses from the retina are transmitted to the brain by the
optic nerve
Eustachian tube and auditory nerve are associated with
ear
olfactory nerve is associated with
sense of smell
In which of these structures does the normal development of human embryo occur?
uterus
The ovary releases the egg into the oviduct, or fallopian tube where it is fertilized. If fertilization occurs, the zygote travels to the uterus, where it implants itself and develops.
In humans, which of the these blood components carriers most of the oxygen?
red blood cells
contains hemoglobin, which binds, transports, and delivers oxygen to throughout the body
Question 8 on page 243
conditioned behavior
refers to the association of behavior with a specific stimulus, in the case of tapping
Compound A reacts with compound B to give compound C plus compound D and E as shown by the following equation
A + B ----> C + D + E
In a closed system, 7g A react with 4g B to give 2g C plus 3g E, how many grams of D are produced?
6 g
The law of conservation of mass says that mass may be either creates or destroyed. Therefore, the mass of the reactants must be equal to the mass of the products.
Which of the following statements best describes how pressure and volume are affected as a sample of ideal gas is heated in a rigid, sealed container?
pressure will increase, and volume remains constant
a rigid container implies no change in volume. According to Gay Lussac's law, at constant volume an increase in temperature causes an increase in pressure and vice versa.
An object is traveling at a constant velocity of 100 m/sec. How far will it travel in 20 sec?
2,000 m
100m/sec x 20 sec - 2,000m
A 36-W lamp is operate by a 9-v battery. How many amperes of current are flowing through the lamp?
power = voltage x current
36 watts = 9V x current in amperes
power
watts
V
voltage
current
amperes
Which of the following terms are included in the scientific name of an organism?
genus and species
genus and species make up the scientific name of an organism
Which of the following would be classifies as a connective tissue?
tendon
connective tissue binds and supports other tissue. For example, tendons attach muscle to bone.
Muscle is muscular tissue, epidermis is epithelial tissue, and nerve is nervous tissue
The following is a diagram of endoplasmic reticulum. The structure labeled Z are the sites of protein synthesis. Z represents
ribosomes
There are 2 types of ER, rough and smooth. Rough ER is studded with ribosomes, which are the sites of protein synthesis.
The entry and exit of materials in the animal cell are regulated by which of the cell organelles?
plasma membrane
The plasma membrane which is made up of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, is selectively permeable and regulates traffic into and out of the cell.
Which of the following is a functional unit of the lung?
alveolus
Alveoli are the functional units of the lungs.
The oviduct, or fallopian tube, conveys the released egg to the uterus.
Malpighian tubules are excretory organs found in the insects.
Nephron is the functional unit of the kidneys.
If a patient gallbladder was removed from surgery, which of the following substances would he have the most difficultly digesting?
fats
The gallbladder stores bile, which is the substance produced by the liver. Bile contains bile salts, which aid in the digestion of and absorption of fats.
Which of the following phenomena is most likely to speed the evolutionary rate of a species?
increase in mutations
Mutations of DNA are the original source of variation and alter the gene pool in a population. An increase in the number of mutations increase the variation in the gene pool and thus speeds up the evolutionary rate of a species.
The code of a gene is delivered to the protein-producing region of a cell by
m-RNA
Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome
carries the information contained in DNA molecules to the ribosome where proteins are made
t-RNA
Transfer RNA
carries amino acids to the ribosomes.
ATP is involved in the storage of energy and not genetics.
that transport amino acids from the cytoplasm of a cell to a ribosome.
Which of the following particles are nucleons?
neutrons and protons
neutrons and protons are contained in the nucleus of an atom, whereas electrons reside outside of the nucleus.
Quantities having both magnitude and direction are called
vectors
Which of the following statements best describes the functioning of a battery?
it changes chemical energy into electrical energy
in an electrochemical cell, which make up a battery, chemical energy is converted into electric current
A 4-N newton and an 18N is acting in opposite directions on the same point of an object. The magnitude of their resultant is
14N
When two forces act in opposite directions, the total force is determined by subtracting the smaller force from the larger one.
Which of the following graphs represents an object at rest?
page 247 #31
Displacement is the distance that an object is from some starting point. Graph 2 shows an object with constant displacement. It is not moving.
Which of the following equations represents aerobic respiration? `
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose and the formation of energy.
6CO2 + 12H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H20
The reaction shows in equation d is the reverse of aerobic respiration = photosynthesis
C6H12O6 -> 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH +2ATP
fermentation
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 -> C12H22O11 +H20
dehydration synthesis
An overdose of muscle relaxant may cause a person to cease breathing because
the diagram will be unable to contract
the diagram must contract for inhalation to occur, and, as a muscle, the diaphragm is affected by the muscle relaxant
A decrease in acetylcholine synthesis in humans most likely lead to
a decrease in nerve impulse transmission
acetylcholine is a common neurotransmitter. Neuro transmitters act as chemical messengers and spread information from one neuron to the next.
An unknown substance is boiled with Benedict's solution. The brick red color that results is the presence of
glucose
Benedict's solution is used to indicate the presence of monosaccharides , glucose
Which are herbivores?
insects
herbivories are animals that that feed on plants. Thus, insects are herbivores because they consume green plants.
Ozone is an allotrope of
oxygen O3
Ozone is an allotrope of oxygen. It is a molecule made up of more than two atoms of the same element
Which of these values could be the pH of an acid rain sample?
4.0
acid = 0 - 6.9 acid pH range
A specific isotope has an atomic number of 51 and a mass number of 122. How man electrons are contained in the neutral atom?
51 electrons
The mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons. The atomic number is the number of protons, which is always equal to the number of electrons in an neutral atom.
A mixture such as mayonnaise is best described as
an emulsion
Mayonnaise is made up of oil, vinegar and eggs, which form a type of heterogeneous mixture called emulsion.
An emulsion will eventually separate, while a solution will not.
The terms "saturated" and "unsaturated" refer to solutions.
Mixtures are not substances [Show Less]