Explain how bacterial conjugation works; how the plasmid is replicated (including enzymes used); which bacterium has a plasmid at the end of the process.
... [Show More] What types of information can be transferred and if both bacteria survive the process
❖ Bacterial Conjugation
➢ First one bacteria must have a transferable plasmid and the other doesn’t. This occurs when the bacteria with a plasmid is called (F+ cell) and the one without is (F- cell)
➢ Plasmid Replication
■ The donor (F+ cell) gets close to the recipient (F- cell) by its pillus where DNA is transferred between cells
■ The F factor is cut at the “origin of transfer” on the F+ cell by a Relaxosome which is involved with a strand called the T-DNA, which will be transferred
■ The accessory proteins of the relaxosome are released but a part called the Relaxase stays attached to the T-DNA
■ The T-DNA relaxase is recognized by a coupling factor and is moved to the Exporter
■ The Exporter pumps the T-DNA relaxase complex into the recipient cell and once the whole thing has been pumped in
■ Relaxase joins the ends to make a circular DNA molecule
■ As T-DNA is transferred to recipient it is replicated to become double stranded
■ In the donor cell the F factor has been replicated to become double stranded
■ Both Bacteria cells have a plasmid in the the end
➢ Which bacterium has a plasmid at the end of the process
■ Both
➢ Types of information
■ Transfer genetic information
2. Outline the steps involved in the life cycle of a naked "+" ssRNA virus.
❖ Single Stranded RNA
➢ “+” stranded RNA is identical to mRNA thus, when it is encoded the RNA we end get is the mRNA
➢
❖ Location
➢ New RNA
■ Cytoplasm
➢ Assembly
■ Cytoplasm
❖ Steps for naked “+” ssRNA Virus
➢ The virus attaches to the cell membrane for absorption
➢ Next we have penetration and uncoated
➢ This leaves us with the viral capsid proteins and our viral RNA
➢ Since, the RNA is identical to mRNA, it is encoded we have actually an mRNA
➢ Because it’s happening in the cytoplasm, there are ribosomes there that
➢ The ribosomes there will translate the RNA into proteins
➢ At the same time this is happening, we are making copies of the RNA
➢ The copies of the RNA, viral capsid proteins as well as the viral DNA are all in the cytoplasm
➢ Assembly , where we put everything together, will take place in the cytoplasm
➢ It is released from the cytoplasm by exocytosis and might lysis or kill the host cell
3. Bacteria A is processing 2 molecules of glucose through cellular respiration and Bacteria B is processing 50 molecules of glucose through glycolysis/fermentation. Outline the steps in each pathway by listing the Pathway
Step, the reactant(s), and product(s). Be sure to include electron carriers, ATP made at each step and the final electron acceptor.
❖ Bacteria A (2 molecules of glucose) through cellular respiration
➢ Where
■ Glycolysis, Intermediate Step, and Krebs occur in the cytoplasm while the ETC occurs in the plasma membrane
➢ Pathway Steps
■ Glycolysis
● Glucose is broken down into pyruvate but must use 2 ATP as energy to start process (using 4 ATP because there are 2 molecules of glucose)
● Reactants
◆ 2 molecules of glucose
◆ NAD+
● Products
◆ 4 pyruvic acid
◆ 8 ATP (used 4 to start)
◆ 4 NADH
➢ E- carriers
● ATP
◆ Substrate Level [Show Less]