Determinism
Cause and Effect, Lawfulness: If/Then statements. The world is orderly and predicable.
Latency
The time between an SD and the
... [Show More] response: "Bryson get your shoes on (SD) - Bryson initiating getting his shoes on" The time from a reinforcer to the next response is a latency and not an IRT, even if the reinforcer is response-produced.
Inner Response Time
The time from the start of one response (behavior) to the start of the next response (behavior). The time between two responses.
3 Branches of Behavior Analysis
1) Behaviorism 2) Experimental Analysis of Behavior 3) Applied Behavior Analysis
Behaviorism
Behaviorism is the philosophy and theory of behavioral science, widely recognized due to the work of John B. Watson. Behaviorism was the predominate model in psychology from the early to mid 1900's and is based on the principle that psychology should be seen as a science. He argued that behavior is observable and should be objectively and scientifically measured. Watson was primarily concerned with the relationship between observable behaviors and environmental events rather than on internal processes.
Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)
the intensive study, under controlled conditions, of how environmental stimuli and consequences regulate an individual organism's behavior.This is operant behavior, behavior that is based on the consequences of that behavior. The creation of EAB showed that the environment creates learned behaviors and has a functional relation. It also allowed scientists to manipulate the environment in order to increase or decrease an operant behavior. The theory of EAB was a result Skinners findings of the S-R-S model or three-term contingency.
ABA
Applied Behavior Analysis is a scientific-based field of study that uses behaviorism as its philosophy and aims to improve socially significant behaviors through experimentation. ABA is an applied science that develops methods of changing behavior, and also, a profession that provides services to meet diverse behavioral needs.
resistance to extinction
Behavior that continues responding during the implementation of an extinction procedure.
Ordinate
y-axis on a graph, Vertical
abscissa
x-axis (horizontal)
Exclusionary Time out
Individual removed from space.
3 Types: (RPH)
1. Room/Time-Out Room
2. Partition Time-Out
3. Hallway Time-Out
Permant product recording
Recording tangible items or environmental effects that result from a behavior, for example, written academic work (also called outcome recording).
DRL
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Behaviors. Reinforcement schedule that is used to decrease the rate of behaviors that occur too frequently but should be maintained in the learner's repertoire
DRH
Differential Reinforcement of High Rates of Behaviors. Reinforcer is delivered for more than a fixed number of responses in a time period -or- Reinforcer is delivered after an IRT less than some criterion amount of time. Used to increase behavior. A particular reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is delivered for rates of responding ABOVE a specified predetermined criterion (based on the individual's performance in previous intervals). (e.g., more than three responses per 5 minutes).
Discontinuous Measurement
measurement conducted in a manner such that some instances of the response class(es) of interest may not be detected
Whole Interval
Partial Interval
Momentary Time Sampling
Whole Interval Recording
involves checking off the interval if the behavior occurs throughout the WHOLE interval. Use when it is difficult to tell when the behavior begins or ends, when it occurs at such a high rate it is difficult to keep count. An under-exaggeration of behavior, you use this method to increase behavior. Underestimates behavior
Partial Interval Recording
involves checking off an interval if the behavior occurs at ANY point within the interval - even if it only occurred for 1 second. You can use this for self-stimulatory behaviors or behaviors that don't look the same every time. An over exaggeration of the behavior, you use this method to decrease behavior. Underestimates Behavior and overestimates total duration.
Momentary Time Sampling
A discontinuous response measure in which a response is recorded as occurring only if it occurs at the point in time in which an interval ends. Used for continous behaviors
PLACHECK Planned activity check
teacher observation of a group of students and recording the number of students engaged in the target activity at the end of each time interval
stimulus discrimination training
A behavior results in one consequence in a particular setting and another consequence in other settings. A process in which a behavior is reinforced when the discriminative stimulus (Sd) is present and is extinguished when the S-delta is present. As a result, the behavior is more likely to occur only when the Sd is present. Also called discrimination training.
Response Discrimination
the tendency NOT to make similar responses to the same stimulus. In operant conditioning, discrimination refers to responding only to the discriminative stimulus and not to similar stimuli. For example, imagine that you have trained your dog to jump in the air whenever you say the command, "Jump!"
Reversal Design
any experimental design in which the researcher attempts to verify the effect of the independent variable by "reversing" responding to a level obtained in a previous condition: encompasses experimental designs in which the independent variable is withdrawn. REMEMBER: this can only be used for behaviors in which it can not be UNLEARNED: Can not use this design for behaviors such as riding a bike, learning numbers, colors, ect as these can not be unlearned.
response prompt
Modeling, physical guidance, verbal instructions, non vocal verbal instructions, written words, pictures, verbal instructions
Stimulus prompts
Movement, redundancy, positioning
level and trend
If data points overlap in Y axis there is no change in level. If same angle shown there is no change in trend.
Bar Graph
Also called: HISTOGRAM: a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items
Comfounding variable
unexpected factors influencing behavior during an intervention.
Spider graph or all lines overlapping in an FA graph
Interpret that it is either sensory maintained behavior or not undetermined. Do not try to identify with lines overlapping.
6 Attitudes of Science/Philosophical Assumptions of Behavior
DEERPP: Determinism, Empiricism, Experimentation, Replication, Parsimony, Philosophical Doubt
Determinism
the philosophy that holds that every event, action, and decision results from something independent of the human will. The world is orderly and lawful.
Empiricism
the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation and not personal beliefs or emotions.
Experimentation
making a reasoned analysis of an opportunity, envisioning potential solutions, evaluating those possibilities, and developing the most promising ones, consistent with the resources you have
Replication
a) Repeating conditions within an experiment to determine the reliability of the effects and increase internal validity.
parsimony
Requires all simple, logical explanations for the phenomenon under investigation be ruled out, experimentally or conceptually, before more complex or abstract explanations are considered
philosophical doubt
Having a healthy skepticism and a critical eye about the results of studies and your work with clients. Scientist continually question the truthfulness of what is regarded as fact
3 Dimensional qualities
repeatability (Count, Rate, Frequency, celeration) temporal extent (duration), temporal locus (Response Latency, IRT)
Temporal Extent
refers to the fact that every instance of behavior occurs during some amount of time (Duration)
Temporal locus
every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events (Response latency, IRT) [Show Less]