what statements are correct regarding the link between radiation and genetic effects - ANSWER-The link has been demonstrated in animal studies
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Increased risk to humans cannot be predicted with respect to an individual.
The changes in kilovoltage (kVp) will result in the greatest reduction of patient dose, when milliampere-seconds (mAs) is adjusted to compensate for the change - ANSWER-Increase kVp by 30%
The following image receptor (IR) system speeds will result in the lowest patient dose - ANSWER-Faster speed IR system
The primary purpose of using gonad shields - ANSWER-reduce the likelihood of genetic effects
Are gonad shields - ANSWER-Contact and shadow
gonad shielding should be used - ANSWER-when the gonads are within 5 cm of the radiation field
the greatest cause of unnecessary radiation to patients that can be controlled by the limited operator is - ANSWER-repeat exposures
the limited operator can reduce repeat exposure - ANSWER-clearly instructing patients
how does the x-ray beam restriction minimize patient exposure - ANSWER-it limits the radiation field to the area of interest
what is the device that allows the limited operator to vary the size of the radiation field - ANSWER-collimator
how does filtration reduce patient exposure - ANSWER-removes longer-wavelength photons
The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements(NCRP) recommendation for the amount of total filtration - ANSWER-2.5 mm Al equiv
Three principal methods used to protect limited operators from unnecessary radiation exposure - ANSWER-time, distance, and shielding
The following is not a type of personal radiation shielding - ANSWER-Shadow
personnel shielding must be worn on the rare occasion during which the limited operator may need to remain in the radiographic room during an exposure to assist the patient in maintaining the proper position. What is the source of the greatest radiation hazard under this circumstance.? - ANSWER-scattered radiation from the patient
the term for radiation the escapes from the x-ray tube housing - ANSWER-leakage radiation
why are limited operators prohibited from activities that result in direct exposure to the primary x-ray beam - ANSWER-they are considered occupationally exposed individuals
distance, as a method used to limit operator exposure, means that - ANSWER-the operator should maximize the distance from the source during an exposure
shielding worn for personnel protection is designed to attenuate what source of exposure - ANSWER-scatter radiation
the acronym for a common type of personnel dosimeter - ANSWER-TLD
What is the recommended placement for personnel dosimeter on the body of the limited operator - ANSWER-the badge should be worn in the region of the collar on the anterior surface of the body and outside the lead apron, if worn
The NCRP recommended annual effective dose limit for occupational exposure - ANSWER-5.0 rem (0.05 Sv)
The NCRP recommended monthly effective (or equivalent) dose limit to the fetus for a pregnant worker - ANSWER-0.05 rem (0.0005 Sv)
Radiation monitoring of personnel is required when what percentage of the annual occupational effective dose limit is likely to be received - ANSWER-10%
The conventional (British system) radiation unit to express radiation intensity in the air - ANSWER-Roentgen
The conventional (British system) unit commonly used to report occupational dose to radiation workers in the United States is the - ANSWER-rem
What is the conventional (British system) radiation unit of absorbed dose - ANSWER-Rad
According to the Bergonie-Tribondeau law, the following types of cells are most radiosensitive - ANSWER-embryonic tissue cells
Type of x-ray photon interaction with the body is primarily responsible for the radiation dose absorbed by the patient - ANSWER-Photoelectric
The NCRP (report #102) recommendation for lead equivalency of aprons used for personnel protection - ANSWER-0.5 mm
Erythema as it relates to radiation exposure - ANSWER-reddening of the skin caused by a high radiation dose
The guiding philosophy of radiation protection - ANSWER-ALARA--as low as reasonably achievable
The following statements reflects current scientific opinion regarding the effects of diagnostic levels of ionizing radiation - ANSWER-There is an increased risk of cancer, leukemia, birth defects, and cataracts
The following changes will decrease patient dose - ANSWER-using a faster-speed class imaging system
increasing the grid ratio to a 16:1 ratio
When radiation exposure occurs during pregnancy, the greatest risk of birth defects occurs when the exposure - ANSWER-exceeds 5 rad to the uterus
occurs within the first trimester of pregnancy
At what kVp levels do Compton interactions occur - ANSWER-they occur throughout the diagnostic radiology kVp range
The principal source of scatter radiation in radiography - ANSWER-The IR
The four essentials elements required for x-ray production - ANSWER-A target, a vacuum, an electron source, and a high potential difference
The greatest portion of the x-ray beam is made up of - ANSWER-Bremsstrahlung radiation
The penetrating power of the x-ray beam is controlled by varying the - ANSWER-kilovoltage (kVp)
The following functions involve the autotransformer - ANSWER-kVp selection
What is the IR that is used for computed radiography - ANSWER-Photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate
Nearly all new x-ray machines manufactured today use _________________ generators - ANSWER-High-frequency
The target of the x-ray tube is made of - ANSWER-tungsten
The standard control limit for the field light to radiation field alignment test - ANSWER-+-2% of SID
The standard control limit for the beam (central ray) alignment tests - ANSWER-within 1 degree of perpendicular
How often should lead aprons and gloves be checked for cracks or holes - ANSWER-every 6 months
how can detector fog be prevented when using computed radiography cassettes - ANSWER-protect the cassette before and after exposure
The following will result in increased radiographic density - ANSWER-increased mA
increased exposure time
increased kVp
If the radiographic image is overexposed, which of the following changes in exposure factors should be used to correct the problem - ANSWER-decrease the mAs
The relationship between SID and beam intensity is expressed in the - ANSWER-inverse square law
What are the four primary factors of radiographic quality ( photographic and geometric properties) - ANSWER-Density, contrast, distortion, and recorded detail
Contrast is primarily controlled by altering the - ANSWER-kVp
Scatter radiation fog affects radiographic quality by causing - ANSWER-decreased contrast
A change from the small focal spot to the large focal spot will result in - ANSWER-decreased image sharpness (detail)
An increase in object-image receptor distance (OID) will result in - ANSWER-increased magnification
motion of the patient, the tube, or the IR during the exposure will result in decreased - ANSWER-recorded detail
What does quantum mottle(noise) look like on a radiographic image - ANSWER-finely speckled or grainy areas
Quantum mottle with a digital imaging system is caused by - ANSWER-the mAs being set too low
The following will increase recorded detail - ANSWER-increase in SID
decrease in focal spot size
What is the appearance of a high signal to noise ratio image - ANSWER-highly detailed, with very little quantum mottle
What is the proper method for storing unopened boxes of x-ray film - ANSWER-standing on edge
Which of the following describe the action of the developer in an automatic film processor - ANSWER-changes the exposed silver halide crystals into black, metallic silver
During digital image processing electronic collimation (masking) should not be used to replace - ANSWER-proper radiographic collimation
The following is not a component of a computed radiography plate reader - ANSWER-developing solution
What condition are most important for optimum viewing of a radiographic images - ANSWER-low room light level
Marks, exposures, or images on a radiograph that are not a part of the intended image are called - ANSWER-artifacts
If the amount of irradiated tissue increases, what happens to scatter radiation fog - ANSWER-scatter radiation fog increases
the most effective and practical way to reduce scatter radiation fog on a radiograph is to - ANSWER-use a grid or Bucky
As a general rule, a grid should be employed when the part thickness is greater than - ANSWER-12 cm
Technique charts are based on patient part measurements obtained using an x-ray - ANSWER-thickness in centimeters
The following pathologic conditions would require a decrease in exposure - ANSWER-multiple myeloma
emphysema
osteoporosis
How will the anode heel effect, if present, be seen on an image? - ANSWER-the image will be lighter on the anode end than on the cathode end
Which radiographic quality factor is most affected by angulation of the central ray, part, or IR - ANSWER-Distortion
What is the recommendation for a hard-copy image that is mislabeled - ANSWER-A sticker with the correct information should be applied to the hard copy image
The following will result in a screen or film image with low density - ANSWER-IR exposure with an mAs less than needed for the particular anatomic structures
The following will result in a screen or film image with low contrast - ANSWER-IR exposure with a kVp higher than needed for the particular anatomic structures
When viewing a digital image on a monitor, how do you determine if the proper mAs was selected - ANSWER-evaluate the exposure index value
The following will result in an image with poor recorded detail - ANSWER-Patient motion
The following will result in an image with excessive magnification of image structures - ANSWER-IR exposure at an OID greater than recommended for a particular body part
The following will result in an image with excessive distortion of anatomic structures - ANSWER-Improper central ray angulation for the selected radiographic projection
Poor film or screen contact is seen on a radiograph as a decrease in what radiographic quality factor - ANSWER-recorded detail or spatial resolution
the screen or film image artifact looks like lightning - ANSWER-static artifact
The following would be a violation of patient confidentiality - ANSWER-a limited operator talks to his or her friend during lunch about a patients imaging procedure
the following are true regarding informed consent - ANSWER-informed consent may be revoked at any time
the patient must be legally competent to sign
a limited operator innocently commits an error as a result of following the orders of his or her employer, a physician. The employer may be held responsible according to the - ANSWER-doctrine of respondeat superior
communication has been "validated" when the speaker has - ANSWER-received a response from the listener that demonstrates comprehension
the following is not a form of nonverbal communication - ANSWER-speaking
Mrs. Elizabeth Dunbar is 86 years old and a bit confused. She is most likely to respond appropriately if you address her as - ANSWER-Mrs. Dunbar
The following are correct statements of proper body mechanics - ANSWER-use a broad stance
carry heavy objects close to your body
what type of disease transmission is possible when the limited operator does not clean the Bucky device after performing an examination on a patient with influenza - ANSWER-indirect contact or fomite transmission
standard precautions involve the use of barriers whenever contact is anticipated with - ANSWER-blood, body fluids, mucous membranes
the process of reducing the probability that infectious organisms will be transmitted to a susceptible individual is called - ANSWER-asepsis
a health care workers single best protection against disease is - ANSWER-frequent hand washing
a limited operator who does not change linens between patients is - ANSWER-providing an opportunity for fomite transmission
What is anaphylaxis - ANSWER-a severe allergic reaction
what is the basic life support system used to ventilate the lungs and circulate the blood in the event of cardiac or respiratory arrest - ANSWER-CPR
when a patient in a cardiac arrest presents with a rapid, weak, and ineffective heartbeat, what device is used to return the heart to a normal rhythm - ANSWER-AED
The following vital signs can be assessed without touching the patient - ANSWER-respiration
the most common site for palpation of a patients pulse - ANSWER-Radial artery at the wrist
what position is when patient is standing upright and is facing the board? - ANSWER-posterioranterior (PA)
what structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity? - ANSWER-the diaphragm
which of the following organs are found within the mediastinum - ANSWER-heart
trachea
three lobes are present in which lungs? - ANSWER-the right lung
what is the name of the upper portion of the lung? - ANSWER-apex
the inferior lateral corners of the lungs, visible on a PA chest radiograph, are called the - ANSWER-costophrenic angles
when taking a PA projection of the chest, the recommended SID is: - ANSWER-72 inches
what is the purpose of the 72 inches SID used for chest radiography? - ANSWER-minimizes magnification of the heart shadows
which of the following describe the importance of using an upright position for chest radiography? - ANSWER-1. the upright position demonstrates air-fluid levels
2. the upright position allows maximum lung expansion
3. the upright position minimizes magnification of the heart
in chest radiography, which body habitus is best imaged by placing the 35 x 43 cm IR crosswise in the upright grid cabinet? - ANSWER-hypersthenic
which of following techniques is desirable for chest radiography? - ANSWER-high kvp high ma and short exposure
what is the purpose of rotating the patient's shoulders anteriorly for the PA projection of the chest? - ANSWER-this motion rotates the scapulae out of the lungs
where does the central ray enter the patient for the upright, PA projection of the chest? - ANSWER-midsagittal plane at the level of T7
what is the proper placement of the arms for the upright lateral projection of the chest? - ANSWER-arms raised over head, hands grasping opposite elbows
what are the proper patient instructions for the PA projection of the chest? - ANSWER-stop breathing after second deep inspiration
lateral projections of the chest are taken with the left side against the IR because - ANSWER-magnification of the cardiac silhouette is reduced with the left side neared the IR
how much should the central ray be angled cephalad for an AP axial projection of the chest if the patient cannot assume the lordotic position? - ANSWER-15 degrees
which chest projection and position are needed to demonstrate free pleural fluid along the dependent chest wall? - ANSWER-AP, lateral decubitus
which of the following projections is best for demonstration of the apices of the lungs without bony superimpostion? - ANSWER-AP axial lordotic position
why is grid used for routine chest radiography? - ANSWER-to reduce scatter fog caused by use of high kvp
The bones of the forefoot include the - ANSWER-Phalanges and metatarsals
The bones of the midfoot are called the - ANSWER-tarsals
Small, flat, oval bones in the region of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint are called the - ANSWER-sesamoid bones
What tarsal is commonly referred to as the heel bone - ANSWER-calcaneus [Show Less]