It is well recognized that one of the easiest ways to increase statistical power is to increase the sample size. Which of the following could also be used
... [Show More] to increase power in a study.
Reduce error through using appropriate methods
**Power is primarily influenced by two things, sample size and variability. Power increases as sample size increases or variability decreases. Variability includes two parts, true variability and error varibility.
We collected 100 samples of size thirty of household income in Arkansas with population mean, mu=50 (in thousands). the sample mean, X and sample standard deviation, s, were recorded and the 95% confidence interval for mu was taken for each sample. Given the 100 confidence intervals, how many do you expect to cover the population mean mu=50?
95
**A 95% confidence interval implies that were the estimation process repeated again and again, the 95% of the calculated intervals would be expected to contain the true parameter value mu=50.
Randominzation, stratified analysis, and matching
minimize confounding
Which of the following about the stage of change from the Transtheoretical Model is true
Action refers to behavior change for less than 6 months
The best time to prepare an evaluation plan for a health intervention program is:
During the program planning period
**An evaluation perspective when applied during planning can assure that the program intervention is specific enough to support rigorous evaluation
A major obstacle to risk communication effectiveness is that most risks are derived from uncertainty, complexity, and incompleteness of environmental data. Which of the following are additional obstacles to risk communication?
The distrust felt by the general public due to disagreements among experts; lack of coordination among risk management organizations; inadequate training of experts and spokespersons in risk communication skills
Jacobson v massachusetts brought to light that there are difficult tradeoffs between public and private interets awhich can extend to many areas of public health concern. What prominent and still current public health issue was the basis of this debate.
Compulsory vaccination
The national consensus public health strategy of the government, public health organizations and citizens is known as:
Healthy People
Which of the following intervention messages is most likely to have an impact on behavior?
Based on health education theory and tailored to the target audience
Which of the following is not a method for controlling confounding by demographic variable like age in epidemiologic studies?
Blinding
Which of the following questions should one ask to determine whether programs are evidence-based interventions?
What interventions have been scientifically proven to promote good health behaviors?
A limitation to using hospital discharge data to assess community health problems is:
Data are only available for sicker people who are admitted to a hospital.
A group of high school teachers are concerned about the increased level of aggressive behavior they are observing on school grounds and decide to take action by trying and evaluating an intervention based upon a new untested idea. Which of the folliwing tools might be the most useful in designing the intervention program and the evaluation?
A logic model that describes program resources, activities, and outcomes
Motivational Interviewing is
Often times used to assist individuals in overcoming ambivalence about changing a risk behavior
**MI is a directive, client centered counseling style or technique for eliciting behavior change by helping individuals to explore and resolve their ambivalence toward the behavior.
Which of the following probability distributions is used to model very rare events?
Poisson
Which of the following statements is true with respect to power
Power is the capacity of person A to influence person B to do something that person B would not otherwise choose to do
The standard error (SE) of a sample statistic is
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic
Stidoes A, B, C show similar results. One limitation of a meta-analysis of these three studies is the failure to:
display differences between trials
The value of accreditation by national accrediting bodies is to:
improve performance by creating a structure to allow organizations to assess their capacity and improve health outcomes
The statement that most accurately reflects the primary intent of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act when enacted in 1996 is
Provide better acess to health insurance, reduce administrative costs, and protect the privacy of health information
According to the theory if reasoned action (TRA), the most important determinant of behavior is a person's
behavioral intention
Case Control Study
Collection of exposure histories from a group of persons with a specific disease and from a comparison group to determine the relative frequency of an exposure under study
In a study to determine the incidence of a chronic disease, 150 people were examined at the end of a three-year period, and 12 cases were found, giving a cumulative risk of 8%. In addition, 50 other members of the initial cohort could not be examined; 20 of these 50 could not be examined because they died. Which source of bias may have affected the study?
Survival bias
A new screening test for Disease A was tested in 200 people. 40 out of 45 people with Disease A tested posiitve on the test. 145 out of 155 people without the disease tested negaitve. What is the positive predictive value of the new test?
40/50=.80
PPV=a/a+b
A tobacco user has contemplated quitting smoking. He is aware that smoking is a problem for him and wants to quit in the future. If the tobacco user is moving along the Stages of Change, you can assume his next action will be
Skipping a few cigarettes
The two most important environmental justice components that affect exposure to environmental health and injury risks are:
Race and income
A local health department has begun to evaluate the way it provides services to the community. After completing a stratefic plan and reorgaizing its programs, the LHD starts to restructure programs offered to the community, based ont he objectives in the Ottawa Charter. What is the correct approach for the LHD to utilize in its pursuit of a healthy community?
Facilitate programming with organizations which have both helath and non-health related policies
Which of the following is likely to be the singlem most effective method of communicating helath education to middle aged men in an African-American community characterized by lower socioeconomic status?
Community health workers in barbershops, convienence stores, and takeout food businesses
Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of hte helath care marketplace?
Providers often face abarriers to entry
To specify individual susceptibilities, researchers have developed various biomarkers. Which of the following biomarkers could be ethically questionable?
The determination of the genotype can lead to unequal treatment of individuals with the "wrong" genotype
Which of the following represents a method of precenting adult mosquitoes from developing
Using larvicides, such a Bacillus sphaeius or Methoprene
The t-distribution approaches what distribution as its degress of freedom increases
Standard normal distribution
The process of reducing risks and alleviating disease to promote, preserve, and restore health and minimize suffering and distress is
Disease prevention
The lengths of stay for six patients were 0,0,1,2,2 and 16 days. Which are the best measure to summarize these data?
Median and range
An epidemiologist attempts to predict the weight of an elderly person from demispan. She randomly chooses 70 elderly subjects in a particular geographic area and records their weight and the demispan measurements in the form of (x i, y i) for i=1,..., 70 Given that the value of the Pearson correlation coefficient is zero, what can be deduced?
There could be some nonlinear relationship between weight and demispan
**Pearson coorelation only looks at linear relationships. The zero value means that there is no limnear relation but there could be a nonlinear one.
Which of the following statistical tests is not considered a nonparametric test?
Turkeys test
A reasearcher is designing a new questionnaire to examine patient stress levels on a scale of 0-5. What type of outcome variable is being collected?
Ordinal
I f the chances for a second event to occur say the same, regardless of the outcome of a first event, the the two events are:
independent
In simple linear regression, what is a method of determining the slope and intercept of the best-fitting line?
Least squares
In a group of individuals, the probability of characteristic C is 0.4, and the probability of charateristic D is 0.2. The probability of their intersection is .10. Which of the following states is correct?
Characteristics C and D are not independent
If all of the numbers in a list increase by 2, then the standard deviation is:
Unchanged
The sensitivity of a particular screening test for a disease is 95%, and the specificity is 90%. Which of the following statements is most correct?
Of 100 people sampled from a population with the disease, the test will correctly detect 95 individuals as positive for the disease
Which is the most correct statement about a scatterplot?
It is used to investigate the relationship between two continuous variables
The cnetral limit theorem states that
The sample mean is approximately normal
Assume that a researcher has measured weight in a sample of 100 overweight adults before and after a diet and exercise program conducted at the locall health department's weekly Eat Healthy-Be Fit community program. To determine whether the mean weight decreased six weeks after the exercise program compared to the initial baseline measures, the researcher should
Conduct a t-test for dependent samples
Now assume that the researcher has meausre weight in a sample of 200 overweight adults who have been randomized to receive either the diet and exercise program. All subjects are weighed at baseline and again six weeks later. Choosing from the following analysis options, which is the most appropriate way to determine whether the diet program had an impact on weight loss?
Conduct an analysis of covariance using the weight at six weeks as the dependent variable, the diet and exercise program versus control group as the independent variable, and the baseline weight as a covariance
Select the most correct statement concerning relative risk and odds ratios
A relative risk of 10 has the same strength of association as a relative risk of 0.1
**A risk ratio measures the increased risk for developing a disease after being exxposed to a risk factor compared to not being exposed to the risk factor. It is given by RR=risk for the exposed/risk for the unexposed, and it is often referred to as the relative risk, which is a proportion
A type I error is defined as
The probability of rejecting the null hyptohesis when the null hypothesis is ture
Assume that a linear regression analysis is performed. Which of the following results would justify a different method of analysis for the data?
The r 2=.001
Which of the following statements expresses the basic logic of financial accounting
Assests=liability + equity
Sensitivity and specificity of a screening test refer to its
Validity
When evaluating an ongoing program to increase the number of childhood vaccinations in a local community, which type of measure should be used to gather feedback on the satisfaction with collaborative partnerships?
Process
**Process measures feedback on how well you are performing a process designed to impact the outcome
Under the toxic substances control act, the most important way that toxic substances are controlled to limit human and environmental exposure is by
Requiring chemical inventory, chemical testing and reporting and pre manufacturing notice
Which of the following componenets of a strategic planning process in a public health agency has logical priority over the others
Reviewing and revising the vision and mission statements for the agency
In the box and whisker plot, what does the middle bar in each box represent?
The median
What data analysis method would be used to determine if there was a significant difference in the group means?
Analysis of variance
Which of the following estimates of an odds ratio most strongly suggests a computational error?
-0.9
A ratio of probabilities can bever be negative
What are the four elements of a systems framework as applied to health care delivery
inputs, structure, processes, outputs
Which of the following parameters are used to assess proper municipal wasterwater treatments
five-day biochemical oxygen demand
What intrinsic parameters is a researcher converned with when evaluating the microbial count in a food sample?
Nutrient content
Waiting until a program or intervention is complete to begin evaluation activities misses important and valuable opportunities for what type of evaluation?
Process evaluation
What are the five major incident command management functions?
Command, Operations, Planning, Logistics, Finance and Administration
Incident Command
sets incident objectives, strategies and priorities and has overall responsibility
Operations
develops tactical objectives, conducts tactical operations to carry out the plan and directs all tactical resources
Planning
prepares Incident Action Plan to meet incident objectives, collects and evaluates information, and maintains both resource status and incident documentation
Logistics
provides support, resources and all services to meet operational objectives
Finance/Administration
monitors costs, provides accounting, procurement, time recording, and cost analyses
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the organization as an open system?
Predictable and determinate outcomes
A study is conducted to evaluate the relationship between relaxation techniques and having depressive symptoms. 120 participants are identified to be using a relaxation technique or not using a relaxation technique. Participants are categorized as having or not having symptoms or depression. Which of the following is the most appropriate method to evaluate the association between using relaxation techniques and having depressive symptoms in this population?
Chi square test of independence or relationship
Which of the following population groups is the most susceptible to severe health effects of methylmercury exposure
A fetus in the mother's womb
The SWOT matrix as a strategic planning tool is usefule in identifying
External threats and opportunities faced by the organization
Which of the following statements best characterizes research findings about trait-based approaches to leadership theory?
No one set of traits has been established as necessary and sufficient for effective leadership behavior
A public health worker has moved to Sudan to designing a malaria prevention program for a rural village. Which of the following is an appropriate first step in planning the intervention?
Contact community leaders to gain their buy-in and support for the program
A requirement of public health laws established by city or county boards is that they be
approved by referndum
Rate data such as the number of events occurring in a specified period of time are often described by which probability distribution?
Poisson distribution
The number of independent events needed for selecting the appropriate probability model is specified by the
number of degrees of freedom
A combination of procedures, methods and tools by which a policy program or projects may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population and the distribution of those effects iwthin the population is called a
Health impact assessment
We are asked to obtain a 95% confidence interval for the population mean of the following six observations: 10, 9, 14, 11, 17, and 15. If we assume the sample comes from a normal population the appropriate distribution used in constructing the confidence interval is
t distribution
In a dose response assessment which of the following represents the highest exposure level at which there is no biologically significant increase in the frequency or severity of adverse effects between the exposed population and the control?
No-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL)
An individual thinks starting an exercise program and becoming physically active will be uncomfortable, expensive and time-consuming. What term from the Health Belief Model best categorized his/her thoughts?
Perceived barriers
Ordinal
order matters but not the difference between values (little, some, alot, excurciating
nominal
no order (hair color, sex)
Interval
temperature, order matters, no absolute zero
ratio
order matters, absolute zero
Which of the following statement about the PRECEDE-PROCEED model is true?
Social assessment involves asking the community what it wants and needs to improve community health and quality of life
When performing simple linear regression, a two-tailed test of the population slope (B>1) is usually performed in order to determine whether there is sufficient eveidence to infer that a linear relationship exists. The null hypothesis for this test is stated as which of the following?
H0: B1=0
Researchers would like to investigate the natural histopry of a very rare childhood cancer. Which study design is the most appropriate for this study?
Case-control study
There is not always clear scientific proof about human helath effects from exposures to environmental pollutants. The responsibility to intervene and protect the public from potential harmful exposures is known as
The precautionary principle
Community health workers can be most useful in which of the following health promotion activities
Enhancing the cultural relevance of health promotion programs
If an individual were in the contemplation stage of change for using condoms consistenly, what principle of behavior change should be emphasized?
Countering of the person's negative opinions about the behavior
If two events are mutually exclusive, to determine the probability that one or the other happened:
Add their individual probabilities
According to the health belief model, the likelihood of a woman participating in regular pap testing depends on several factors, including her perceptions of her susceptibility to vervical cancer and her perceptions of
barriers to cervical cancer screening
Which data analysis method should be used to compare the means?
An independent t test with 28 degrees of freedom
**Comparing two means from different or independent groups is done with the t test with n1+n2-2 degrees of freedom
Which of the folloiwing statements best explains the claim that "any policy is what it becomes through implementation
Policies evolve in response to the political pressures and the sociocultureal and economic constraints that affect execution of the policy mandate
Which of the following is the least desirable outime of a negotiation to resolve conflict?
Compromising the core values and beliefs of one or both parties
Which of the following describes the key constructs of Social Cognitive Theory
Reinforcement refers to responses to an individual's behavior that increase or decrease the chances of recurrence
Which of the following numbers is not a possible value for Pearson's correlation coefficient?
1.2
Which of the following factors is thought to have the smallest impact on the health of the U.S. population
medical care
factors A, B, and C can each individually cause a certain disease without the other two factors, but only when followed by exposure to factor X. Exposure to factor X alone is not followed by the disease, but the disease never occurs in the absence of exposure to factor X. Factor A is...
Neither necessary nor sufficient
The bell shaped adoption curve in the diffusion of innovations theory indicates that :
Waves of individuals use a new idea or product
Specificity
D/D+B
Which of the following poses the largest threat of lead exposure to children?
Lead based paint and lead-contaminated dust in older buildings
Some physicians may examine women who use oral contraceptives more often or more thoroughly than women who do not. If so, and if an association is observed between phlebitits and oral contraceptive use, the association may be due to:
Surveillance bias
A health department is beginning a quality improvement project and has decided to follow the PDCA cycle. PDCA stamnds for:
Plan, Do, Check, Art
The three primary interrelated goals of national health policy are to:
Achieve an optimal balance among access to, and the cost and quality of, health care
Which one of the following is true regarding the utilization of medical resources
It is influenced by unmet need
Which of the following leadership strategies is likely to be most effective for the project director of a university research team in designing and implementing an evaluation study of the long-term effects of an intervention to prevent high-risk sexual behavior in a lower SES community?
Invite community leaders to work collaboratively to plan, develop, and implement the research study/intervention
According to the Institue of Medicine (IOM), medical errors are primarily attributable to:
Faulty organizatoinal system
The fundamental framework that describes public health activities is called:
Essential public health services
Which of the following scenerios represents a population-based public health intervention
A chamber of Commerce program that encourages local businesses to participate in a city-wide workplace exervise program
the use of mammography to detect cancer is an example of
Secondary prevention
When a statistical procedure is not sensitive to departures from the conditions and assumptions on which it is based, the procedure is said to be?
Robust
Most states have laws that make it a crime to possess or distribute neddles, and many have laws that require a prescription to buy a needle or syringe. Consequently, injection drug users (IDUs) often do not carry syringes for fear of police harassment or arrest. To address this issue, the Connecticut legislature passed a partial repeal of needle prescription and drug paraphernalia lws. This action resulted in dramatic reductions in needle sharing as well as increases in IDU pharmacy puchases of syrnges. This type of intervention is referred to as
Structural intervention
As an employee of the county health department, you are asked to assess the health needs of adolescents who reside in the county and are between the ages of 14 and 19. you must first conduct a needs assessment. what should be the goal of your needs assessment?
1Collect and analyze data to determine the health needs of the population
Which of the following activities is not essential in developing effective public helath/community partnerships?
Taking quick action to resolve the problem
Which of the following is an element of helath risk assessment
Quantifying how much of a pollutatnt people are exposed to over a specific time period
When assessing the performance of a regional hospital system comprising a service area of several counties, which indicator is most appropriate for assessing resource availability
Hospital beds pre 1,000 popualtion
A health educator at a local health department has implemented and evaluated an evidenced-based program. The health educator did not achieve the same outcomes as those obtained by the developers of the original program at another local health department. Which of the following is a plausible reason for this result?
The implementation of the evidenced-based program was not true to the design of the original program
the mission of which federal entity is to ensure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by provdiding training, outreach, education, and assistance
Occuaptional Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Which of the following is one of the ten basic requiremtns for good care?
Completeness
We are asked to obtain a 95% confidence interval for the population mean of the following sex observations: 10, 9, 14, 11, 17 and 15. If the interval is too wide, what should we do to make the interval narrower
Increase the sampel size
A chi-square goodness of fit test is always conducted as which of the following:
An upper tailed test
What pitafall usually occurs early in a strategic planning process?
Confusion between long range planning versus strategic planning
Which statement best describes the P-value
The probability of obtaining the observed data or data that are more extreme if the null hypothesis were true
Given a point estimator, its standard deviation is called
Standard error [Show Less]