Bundle
BUNDLE OF CPH
10 Items
CPH Review Exam Questions and Answers 100% Correct
Identify each of the 10 characteristics of the US health system. 1. No central governing agency and little integration and coordination 2. Technology dri... [Show More] ven & focused on Acute care 3. High cost, unequal access, average outcomes 4. Imperfect market conditions 5. Private sector: Dominant Role 6. Fusion of Market Justice and Social Justice 7. Multiple Players and Balance of Power 8. Quest for integration and accountability 9. Access to healthcare services 10.Legal risks Explain each of the 10 characteristics of the US health system - 1. No central governing agency and little integration and coordination (Dispersed in 3 Ways) Each state sets their own regulations because it is in the constitution and that is why the US varies so much and is dispersed - Federal Government (medicare, minimum services/maximum out-of-pocket, veteran's health, Indian health service, federal public health agencies like CDC, NIH, etc.) - State (medicaid, CHIP, state public health agencies) - Private (employer insurance, market insurance) Explain each of the 10 characteristics of the US health system - 2. Technology Driven & Focused on Acute Care - People think that is technology is newer that it is safer - Because we are so focused on the technology that will help us if we do get sick, we don't focus as much on preventative measures - Scanning machines(X-rays) - Research (NIH) - How grants are written (innovation) - Electronics (patient charts are no longer handwritten) - Minimally invasive surgeries (new techniques) - New pharmaceuticals Explain each of the 10 characteristics of the US health system - 3. High Cost, Unequal Access, Average Outcomes GDP: goods and services produced by a country in a given year - US spends a lot more than other countries Uninsured Population in the U.S. - Has decreased recently - Constantly moving slow > People lose jobs, people go on and off of medicaid Healthcare System Performance - Imperfect market conditions Explain each of the 10 characteristics of the US health system - 4. Imperfect Market Conditions Free market: would be considered a "perfect condition" - US is not a free market - If we had a free market, patients (buyers) and providers (sellers) would act independently Explain each of the 10 characteristics of the US health system - 5. Private sector: Dominant Role Healthcare delivery Technology Supply vendors Insurance companies - In most developed countries, the government plays a central role in health care delivery, but in the US the private sector has the dominant role Explain each of the 10 characteristics of the US health system - 6. Fusion of Market Justice and Social Justice Market Justice: responsibility is placed on you to figure out how you are going to pay for healthcare - If you don't have money, you don't get treatment Social Justice: emphasizes "social good." the well-being of the community is over that of the individual. - Inability to obtain medical services due to a lack of financial resources is considered unjust Explain each of the 10 characteristics of the US health system - 7. Multiple Players and Balance of Power Players: Each player has an economic interest to protect, but problems arise when players' interests area at odds; providers seek to maximize government reimbursement (want to get as much money as they can) while the government strives to contain cost increases (they want to give out as little money as they can) - Health care providers - Medical suppliers - Insurers - Claims payers - Education & research Explain each of the 10 characteristics of the US health system - 8. Quest for Integration and Accountability ACA puts different policies in places that creates an emphasis on primary care Trying to get things integrated so people are seeing the same provider for multiple things Value based care - Instead of paying by the number, you pay for the value of that care - Concept is that you are paying based on system The model emphasizes Patient-provider relationship in improving the health of each individual person, therefore improving the health of the population - Provider accountability: providing quality care efficiently - Patient accountability: taking responsibility for one's health and using resources sensibly Explain each of the 10 characteristics of the US health system - 9. Access to Healthcare Services Based on ability to pay Explain each of the 10 characteristics of the US health system - 10. Legal Risks Where patients are so quick to sue over something, doctors then use defensive medicine where they over-check and do unnecessary care to be on the safe side. - Doctors prescribe additional testing (more expensive, may not be needed, more time)- some tests have side effects or show false positives leading to more unnecessary care - Doctors schedule checkup appointments - Doctors maintain abundant case documentation Compared to other countries, what is the relationship of GDP to health spending in the United States? Of all developed countries, the US spends the most on health care services (17% of the gross GDP) - Spend the highest percent of GDP on health How do most people in the United States obtain health insurance? Through their employer Explain the differences between a national health insurance, a national health system and socialized health insurance? NHI - Can be public or private and reimbursement for physicians are negotiated fee-for-service - Government finances health care through tax dollars. NHS - Public and reimbursement for physicians are reimbursed by salaries and capitation payments - Gov. finances and manages healthcare delivery SHI - Insurance and payment functions are integrated, and financing is better coordinated with insurance and payment functions - Employers and employees finance healthcare How is the U.S. system unique, when compared to other health systems? The United States is somewhat of a melting pot of all the models - If you can't get government insurance and you can't get private/employers' insurance, then you're SOL National Health Insurance - Medicaid and Medicare National Health System - Health Departments - Government funded - Native Americans, Veterans health What is a market justice? What is social justice? What is rationing like in each system? Market Justice : places responsibility for fair distribution of health care on market forces in a free economy - Demand-side rationing (price rationing): barriers to obtaining health care faced by individuals who do not have sufficient income to pay for services or purchase health insurance. - Prices and ability to pay combine to ration the quality and type of healthcare services people consume. Social Justice : emphasizes the well-being of the community over that of an individual - Supply-side rationing (planned rationing): rationing that is generally carried out by a government to limit the availability of health care services, particularly expensive technology - When the government makes deliberate attempts to limit the supply of healthcare services, particularly those beyond the basic level of care What types of health care systems employ market justice? Which ones employ social justice? Market - Individual responsibility for health care- private insurance. If you can't pay for it, you can't get it Social - Distribution is societal responsibility- everyone has same access to health care; health care is a social good the government needs to provide What type of justice does the U.S. system employ? Mostly social justice, but kind of a mix of both social and market justice What are the determinants of health? Which determinant plays the largest role in health outcomes? What role does medical care provide? Determinants - Environment (social and ecological), behavior and lifestyle, hereditary (genes), and medical care Largest: Social and ecological characteristics Smallest: Genes and biology Medical care provides access to adequate services for preventative and curative health Identify 3 key events in the history of the United States and describe how they shaped the development of the health care system. Scientific Advances (Late 1800s, early 1900s) 1. Silmowise - If you washed your hands between patients, you prevent the transfer of disease - Chlorine solution to wash hands with (Would get rid of the bad smell) 2. You can't have the modern healthcare system that we have today without scientific backing 3. Medical school reform - Forming of medical discipline - ~1910-1915 4. 1929 penicillin developed The Great Depression - Start to have hospitals being built and are nicer > Charging more for services - The Great Depression hits > A lot of people unemployed, couldn't afford food or medical care World War II - Planned Economy > In order to push resources into the war effort there were government restrictions (food rationing) >Froze wages in the US > Shortages of workers > Women enter workforce for the first time - Employers start offering benefits to attract works > Providing health insurance - 1943 > Non-taxable health insurance > Employer based healthcare system What are the different ways that health can be defined? How do these definitions influence the delivery of health care? Biomedical Model - The absence of illness or disease - Emphasizes clinical diagnosis and medical intervention to treat disease or its symptoms Medical Sociologist - Focuses on how the individual functions in society Biopsychosocial Model - WHO Definition > State of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease - Health isn't just the absence, it's also the wellbeing - Trying to think about health from several different angles Holistic Medicine - Wellbeing is every aspect of what makes a person complete and whole, including a spiritual dimension - Quality of life > Is this the life I want to live? - End of life decisions - Alternative therapies Traditionally, what has been the relationship of the public health system and the medical system? Medical System - Focuses on the individual Public Health System - Focuses on a population was a whole Lots of tension because PH requires the medical system to send information, disease reporting, etc. Medical System saw PH as a competitor. What are the three major time periods of public health in the United States? What type of focus characterizes each time period? 1850-1949: State and Local Infrastructure - Focused on Infectious Diseases - Starting to use scientific method - Sanitation to prevent disease > Water systems > Basic measures to prevent disease rates 1950-1999: Gaps in medical care delivery - Medical care to vulnerable group 2000-now: Community health - Starting to infuse what surrounds the person - World health definition of health > Everyone has total physical, social, mental, spiritual wellbeing What is the federal role in public health? What is the state role in public health? Federal - Health is not mentioned in the constitution therefore federal powers that are not explicit are given to the states - Provides "general welfare" - Regulates interstate commerce State: - Control health and welfare - Police powers > Ability to control and abate hazards -Common law >Expectations rather than laws >Informal law >Expectation that the states would take care of the poor > Elizabethan tradition in our system Identify and describe the three core functions and the 10 essential services of public health. Core Functions: (the 10 essential services fall under these 3 functions) - Assessment - Policy development - Assurance 10 Essential Services: Monitor health status to identify community health problems - Surveys - Collecting data Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community - Lexington-Fayette reports of Nora Virus and doctors were getting multiple reports of sickness - PH dept investigates and found that everyone was eating Food Court at Fayette Mall. People coming into work sick, unsanitary conditions, etc. Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues - TV ads - Pamphlets in doctor's offices - School programs - Community groups - Classes offered by PH depts Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems - PH dept working with other groups in the community to offer services to address a problem - Working with different groups, agencies, employers to aid in a centralized issue Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts - Implementing regulations/laws for the betterment of a particular health issue or behavior - Example: smoking bans Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety - Restaurant expectations - Powers to enforce certain things for the betterment of health - Smoking bans and enforcing the ban by expecting Link people to necessary personal health services and assure the provisions of health care when it is otherwise unavailable - Needle exchange - Rehab - AA meetings Assure a competent public health and personal health care workers - Deals w/ PH itself > Ensures the workforce in PH is competent - Lot of different pathways to PH jobs >Don't always have proper training > Training needed for them due to diverse education backgrounds Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services - Looking at results - Making sure policies are working - How well are we addressing it? - Are we coming out okay? Research new insights and innovative solutions to health problems - Goes at every level > Applies at all levels - Often done at universities - Develop program and see if they work [Show Less]
- Exam
- $12.95
- 0
- 97
CPH 202 Question and Answers 2022/2023
What is public health? What we as a society do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy How is public health unique, as... [Show More] a discipline? What does each characteristic mean? Has many features Social justice (fairness, equity) Political (policy, communal actions) Link to government (law and regulation, federal, state, and local government) Science and social science (epidemiology, biostatistics, sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics, communications) Prevention (stopping problems before they happen) How is public health different from medical care? Medical care takes care of the individual, public health takes care of the community Why does society often ignore public health? People don't pay attention when everything is normal, stays in the background What is evidence? How is it used in public health? What type of evidence is most common in public health? Proof supporting a claim or belief Why is a person's zip code more predictive of health than their genetic code? The area that a person is located in dictates what they are more susceptible to based on what is in their environment. Such as education, access to food, access to medical care and proper screenings, etc. People in different area codes have different environments with different socio-economic factors contributing to the overall makeup of the community What are health behaviors? Anything that may impact your health What are the 3 types of health behaviors? What are examples of each type of health behavior? Damages health: Poor diet, smoking, drug use. Health Enhancement: Vaccines, exercising, good diet. Health detection: Screenings/tests. How do social and environmental conditions influence health behaviors? People often follow along with what they see around them and what is available. So when the environment is negative, it impacts a person's health decisions. What are the social determinants of health? What are examples of social determinants of health? The social and economic influences on one's health. Examples include economic stability, education, environment, social community. Which health behaviors are responsible for the largest number of preventable deaths in the United States? Health behaviors such as smoking and poor diet are responsible for the highest number of preventable deaths in the U.S. What is health promotion? What are the different types? Health promotions are the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions; policy systems and environmental change, communication, and education. What are examples of how health promotion has been used to reduce tobacco use? Education has been used to teach people about the effects of smoking, communication through showing people the effects of smoking, and raising taxes on cigarettes is policy system and environmental changes In Thank You for Smoking, Nic argues that smoking is a personal choice. What evidence suggests that smoking is not a personal choice? The addictive and the "cool" image cigarettes bring make them not a choice. What social and environmental circumstances influence smoking? Advertising, and environment in which you are for example if everyone around you smokes you look like the loser left out eventually you join in How do Hollywood portrayals of smoking differ from real life? Hollywood portrays smoking good and hot and cool not showing the real life effects smoking can leave within one's body. What is the relationship between PG-13 films and smoking among children? The relationship is pg- 13 "cool" person to smoke then more 13 year olds watching that movie will want to do it but for say a bad guy smokes then your chances of hat kid wanting to smoke is decreased observational learning What is prevention? What are the three stages of prevention? What are examples of public health programs at each stage of prevention? Prevention is the action of stopping something before it happens or gets worse. The 3 stages and examples of prevention are: Primary: lunch that increases fruits and vegetables. Secondary: Regular screenings to detect obesity. Tertiary: A app based for people who want to decrease their calorie count. Explain what the health impact pyramid shows. What types of interventions have the largest potential to encourage healthy behaviors? What are examples of interventions at each level of the pyramid? The health pyramid shows different prevention strategies. The largest prevention is counseling and education. An example of each level would first be, more physical activity for kids, education towards public health issues on the general public, BMI Screenings, Taxing unhealthy foods, and then encourage healthy choices. a. Counseling and education i. Education in schools ii. One-on-one counseling b. Clinical interventions i. Tertiary prevention ii. Medical intervention iii. Disease management c. Long-lasting protective interventions i. Vaccinations ii. Programs d. Changing the context i. Smoke-free laws ii. Bike lanes iii. Built environment iv. tax e. Socioeconomic factors i. Raising minimum wage ii. Changing social determinants of health 1. Expanding medical care What is a food desert? A location that has limited access to affordable and healthy food choices. How do food deserts contribute to the obesity problem? People in food deserts can't get the proper nutrients needed to obtain a healthy lifestyle, they are left normally eating only unhealthy fast food. How does Fed Up frame the obesity problem? Individual and societal problems due to cost, location and TV advertising. [Show Less]
- Exam
- $12.45
- 0
- 119
CPH 440 Correctly Answered Questions 2022/2023
What is the actual leading cause of death? smoking Describe the US medical spending vs. life expectancy We rank 25th in terms of life expectancy b... [Show More] ut spend 2.5 times more than the OECD average. "When we spend more on medical care, we are commonly just buying more expensive care, not higher quality care and certainly not health" Who is John Snow? father of modern epi Who is Edwin Chadwich? father of sanitation movement in England Who is William Thomas Green Mortion? first physician to use anesthetic What is the rose curve? - not evenly distributed, usually target the tail with highest risk, but we should shift the entire curve - Each individual person doesn't change his or her behavior much, but the effect on the group as a whole can be huge. - The average people (social norm), who are now healthier, exert a healthy influence on the people who are at high risk What are some of the influences of health behavior? - Socioeconomic Status - skills - culture - beliefs - attitude - values - religion - gender What is the first step in planning? assessment What is the second step in planning? development of an intervention What is the third step in planning? evaluation Who is Edward Jenner? invented small pox vaccine (under questionable medical practice) Who is Alexander Fleming? discovered penicillin What are the leading causes of death in the US in 2000? 1. heart disease 2. cancer 3. stroke What are the actual causes of death in the US in 2000? 1. tobacco 2. poor diet/physical inactivity 3. alcohol What is the first step to addressing public health problems? define the problem What is the second step to addressing public health problems? Identify the risk factors associated with the problem. What is the third step to addressing public health problems? Develop and test community level interventions to control or prevent the cause of the problem What is the forth step to addressing public health problems? Implement interventions to improve the health of the population. What is the fifth step to addressing public health problems? Monitor those interventions to assess their effectiveness What is a theory? A set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena. What do theories explain and suggest? Theories explain behavior and thus can suggest ways to achieve behavior change. What is a model? A composite, a mixture of ideas or concepts taken from any number of theories and used together. What do models help us understand? Models help us to understand a specific problem in a particular setting. Where do theories come from? Theories are born from the need to solve a problem or to find an explanation that would account for some repeatedly observed occurrence. What is inductive reasoning? a logical process in which multiple premises, all believed true or found true most of the time, are combine to obtain a specific conclusion What does health behavior include? Health behavior includes all of those things we do that influence our physical, mental, emotional, psychological, and spiritual selves. Why use theory and models? - They help us understand why people behave the way they do - They are based on concepts and take into account the main factors influencing health behavior - They provide direction and justification for program planning activities What are the behavioral ecology factors? - close to the individual - related to social groups individuals participate in - related to community, society and culture - political and socioeconomic structures The most optimistic classify only about _____ of deaths as preventable by medical care 15% Overall, Cancer mortality has ___________ in the last 25 years not changed Only _________ make a difference in health outcomes a handful of preventative screenings Of the 30 years of increased life expectancy achieved between 1890s and the 1990s, only ______ could be attributed to medical care five years What makes up SES? income, education, environment. (not race) What is phase 1 of the precede-proceed approach? social assessment = assessment of quality of life and social factors surrounding one or more health problems; ranking or positioning the health problems in context. What is phase 2 of the precede-proceed approach? epidemiological assessment = Assessment of prevalence/incidence of a health condition, any co-morbid conditions, and affected populations. What does phase 2 of the precede - proceed approach tell you? The nature and extent of a health problem or problems, patterns and trends, and the affected populations. What does phase 1 of the precede - proceed approach tell you? From an ecological perspective, provides an overview of the connection between health and other factors, as well as potential social or quality of life outcomes for your program. May also give you an indication of the importance placed on a particular health issue in the community. What is phase 3 of the precede-proceed approach? behavioral and environmental assessment = Assessment of the behavioral and environmental risk factors contributing to the health conditions you want to address (as identified in the epidemiological data). What does phase 3 of the precede - proceed approach tell you? Behaviors and environmental conditions that you may need to target in an intervention in order to address the identified health problem(s). What is phase 4 of the precede-proceed approach? education and ecological assessment = assessment of attitudes, knowledge, social/cultural norms, community organization, and other factors that contribute to the behavioral and environmental risk factors identified in Phase 4. What does phase 4 of the precede - proceed approach tell you? Factors that inform, motivate or lead to the behavioral/environmental risk factors. You may need to target these in order to influence those risk factors. What is phase 5 of the precede-proceed approach? administrative/policy assessment = assessment of administrative, organizational, and political resources available to support the development and implementation of a health promotion program. What does phase 5 of the precede - proceed approach tell you? the practical details about putting a program into action. What is phase 6 of the precede-proceed approach? implementation = Putting your program in place, after using your assessment process to design it. That is what is meant by PROCEED. What is phase 7 of the precede-proceed approach? Process evaluation (Phase Seven): An assessment of program implementation. what is phase 8 of the precede-proceed approach? Outcome evaluation (Phase Eight): An assessment of the short-term impacts of a program (2-3 years). What is phase 9 of the precede-proceed approach? Impact evaluation (Phase Nine): An assessment of the long-term effects of your program, the kinds of effects that might happen in several years or more. What is the main difference between the risk and protective factor planning model vs. the precede - proceed model? A key difference is that the risk and protective factor planning model is a THEORY-BASED planning model that focuses on certain health risk behaviors as the targets of change. What are risk factor domains? Individual Peer Family School Community Society/Environment What are protective factor domains? Individual Social bonding Healthy beliefs and clear behavior standards What is the most widely used model? Health Belief Model HBM is what is known as a _____ theory value expectancy theory What is the HBM perceived seriousness construct? Speaks to an individual's belief about the seriousness or severity of a disease What is the HBM perceived susceptibility construct? Speaks to an individual's assessment of his or her chances of getting the disease What is the HBM perceived benefits construct? Speaks to an individual's conclusion as to whether the new behavior is better than what he or she is already doing What is the HBM perceived barriers construct? Speaks to an individual's opinion as to what will stop him or her from adopting the new behavior What is the HBM cues to action construct? Those factors that will start a person on their way to changing behavior Of all the constructs, which is the most significant in determining behavior change? perceived barriers What is the HBM self efficacy construct? personal belief in one's own ability to do something What are some of the critics of the HBM? - Focus is on individual decisions - It is not always clear how all HBM constructs operate in changing behavior - A lot of programs use HBM constructs, but not necessarily all of them together What is the essence of the theories of reasoned action and planed behavior? Health behavior results from intention influenced by attitude, norms, and control What is the attitudes construct of the TRA/TPB? A series of beliefs about something that affects the way we think and behave What is the subjective norms construct of the TRA/TPB? - The behaviors we perceive important people expect of us and our desire to comply with these expectations - Social pressure to engage or not engage in certain behavior What is the volitional control construct of the TRA/TPB? -The extent to which we can decide to do something, at will - In some situations a person may not have complete control over a behavior even though the intention to engage in the behavior is great. What is the behavioral control construct of the TRA/TPB? - The extent of ease or difficulty we believe the performance of a behavior to be What differentiates between TRA and TPB? The addition of the behavioral control construct What are some critiques of TRA and TPB? - TRA/TPB assumes that behavior is the output of rational, linear decision making processes. - There are a number of issues with the clarity of TPB constructs - Time between intent and action is not considered. Who were the authors of the TTM? Prochaska and DiClemente What is the TTM? The TTM is a composite of numerous different behavior change approaches from psychology What is the pre contemplation stage of the TTM? - No intent to take action/change behavior - sometimes due to being uninformed or lack of self efficacy What is the contemplation stage of the TTM? - Individuals recognize there is a problem and they are starting to think about changing What is decisional balance? weighing the perceived pros and cons or cost and benefits of the new behavior against the old What is Chronic contemplation? when individuals remain in the contemplation stage for extended periods of time What is the preparation stage of the TTM? -Intention to take action in the immediate future, say in the next month. - Typically a short stage since once people decide to change a behavior they are often anxious to get started What is the action stage of the TTM? - A specific, relevant modification in behavior is made. - Just because there is action does not necessarily mean the behavior will change. During the action stage of the TTM, what needs to happen in order for it to be successful? In order for action to be successful, it needs to be measured against criteria previously determined to reduce the risk of disease What is the maintenance stage of the TTM? - Striving to maintain change, prevent relapse. - With some behavior changes, maintenance goes on for years - For some behavior changes, maintenance is the most challenging stage In general, maintenance begins after _____ months of being in the active stage of changing and continue for at least ______ months six What is the termination stage of the TTM? Individual no longer "succumbs to temptation" and has self-efficacy about maintenance Do all health behaviors have a termination stage in the TTM? no What is Consciousness Raising? the process whereby people obtain information about themselves and the problem behavior. What is dramatic relief? - being able to express feelings about or react emotionally to the behavior in question What is environmental reevaluation? looking at the behavior being changed in light of its impact or effect on the physical and social environments What is social liberation? options or alternatives are sought that support new behavior What is self- reevaluation? - the process in which people look at themselves with and without the problem behavior and assess the differences in their self esteem What is stimulus control? when people remove the cues or triggers for the problem behavior from their environment What is helping relationships? - relationships with people who act as support system for changing the unwanted unhealthy behavior What is counter conditioning? a healthier behavior is substituted for the unhealthy one What is reinforcement management? rewards and punishments What is self liberation? people choose to change their behavior, believe they can, and commit to making the change What is the goal of the PAPM? The goal of the PAPM is to explain how a person comes to the decision to take action, and how he/she translates that decision into action. Which stages of the PAPM are most difficult? stage 1 or 4 What are some critiques of the stage models? - People don't always go through a fixed set of stages, in a straight line, as both the TTM and PAPM propose. - Instead, people often go in circles, moving from one stage to the next, then doubling back and re-entering the process. - How do you measure what stage people are in? Measurement of stage can sometimes be arbitrary. What is vicarious learning? learning by observation of others Who was the originator of SCT? Albert Bandura Changing behavior is a function of _________ and _______. Individual (internal) characteristics, Environmental (external) factors What is the reciprocal determination of SCT? Behavior is part of a continuous interactive cycle that includes individuals and their social environment including Personal factors, Environmental factors and Behavioral factors What is the behavioral capability construct of the SCT? - A person's level of knowledge and skill in relation to a behavior - Before doing something, you have to know what it is you're going to do and know how to do it What is the expectations construct of the SCT? - What a person thinks will happen if she or he makes a behavior change - People behave in a certain way because of the results they expect What is the expectancies construct of the SCT? - Whether a person thinks the expected outcome is good or likely to be rewarded - The value we place on the outcome What is the self-control construct of the SCT? - How much control a person has over making a change What would an internally controlled person say about their self control? - Internally controlled people believe that everything that happens to them is a result of their own decisions and behaviors. They believe they have control over all aspects of their lives and their destiny What would an externally controlled person say about their self control? - Externally controlled people believe that forces outside of their control, such as fate, God's will, or important and powerful people, govern all aspects of their lives What is the emotional coping construct of the SCT? - A person's ability to deal with emotions involved in behavior change - In certain situations people become fearful and, when this happens, their behavior becomes defensive in an effort to reduce fear What is the vicarious learning construct of the SCT? A person learns by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of that behavior What is the situation construct of the SCT? The social/physical environment in which the behavior takes place, and a person's perception of those factors What is the reinforcement construct of the SCT? - Positive or negative responses to a person's behavior - Seen in children with positive and negative rewards for good and bad behavior What are some critiques of the SCT? -SCT is very complex; it may be viewed as less of a theory than a related "grab-bag" of constructs. - SCT has gone through a number of evolutions; as it evolved, it retained earlier constructs, increasing the general complexity of SCT and reducing its clarity as a theory. What is a social network? A social network is the network of relationships surrounding a person, or larger networks involving the person. What has the SNT gained prominence for recently? Has gained increasing prominence recently, especially in the area of HIV/AIDS and in the development of network-based interventions What are some critiques of the SNT? - SNT is a limited theory and approach - primarily useful for small or defined group interventions. - Using SNT is labor-intensive and can be difficult. Identifying networks/network members and conducting interviews is time consuming; in some circumstances, confidentiality concerns can be a barrier. What is diffusion of innovations? Addresses the gap between introduction of a new technology or behavior and the actual adoption of the behavior by a large community or group. ex. condoms for HIV/AIDS prevention Diffusion of innovations places an emphasis on... dissemination What is innovation development? refers to the development of the innovation itself. What is dissemination? process by which the innovation is communicated. What is adoption? refers to the "uptake" of the innovation by the target population What is implementation? regular use of the innovation, focus on improving self-efficacy and skills of adopters. What is maintenance? focus on sustainability, keeping adoption of the behavior. what are the key stages to adoption? 1. awareness knowledge (innovation exists); 2. procedural knowledge (how to use); and 3. principles knowledge (understanding how the innovation works). What are the top 5 attributes determining speed and extent of diffusion? - Relative advantage - Is innovation better than what it will replace? - Compatibility - Does innovation fit with the intended audience? - Complexibility - Is the innovation easy to use? - Trialability - Can the innovation be tried before making the decision to adopt? - Observability - Are the results of the innovation observable and easily measurable? What are some critiques of the DOI? - Similar to Social Cognitive Theory, DOI describes multiple constructs and processes embedded within processes. - As a theory, it is hard to test or prove DOI as a whole - most DOI efforts incorporate selected constructs from DOI, not the entire package. What is the goal of social marketing? Goal is to influence "consumers" to "buy" a behavior change or health-related product/technology. What is market segmentation? a term common in marketing parlance. Refers to the segmentation of a target population into meaningful subgroups so that messages and campaigns can be appropriately channeled. What is targeting? The process of developing campaigns closely tailored to the needs, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors of specific market segments. What are some critiques of social marketing? - Assessing the impact of a social marketing campaign may be difficult because, if a behavior change is the goal, tracking exposure to the campaign for those exposed and assessing the degree to which behaviors, or at least attitudes, have changed is not always easy. - But some social marketing campaigns (and DOI efforts) introduce a product as the behavior change (e.g., condoms) - easier to track, simply because it is more tangible and observable. What is a communication channel? The MEDIUM through which you transmit the information: newspapers, TV, video, internet, interpersonal communication, rallies, etc. What are some critiques of communication theory? It is sometimes complicated and difficult to assess the impact of a communications effort. Why? Because there are many levels of possible impact. What is empowerment in terms of community mobilization? Empowerment means that the community takes charge of the issue, defines what the goals are, and takes the necessary action. What are some critiques of community and organizational change theories? - Mobilizing a community, or changing an organization, is a complex process. - There are typically no "off the shelf" solutions for which evidence is clear. - Change can be affected by factors outside of an intervention What are community interventions? - Broader interventions can be called community interventions (CI) - Community interventions tend to result in smaller changes, but over a large number of people - a larger absolute number Why are community interventions a good idea? shift the rose curve What is an intervention in the community? -More targeted interventions within a community - These focus on a segment of the community that is highly affected by a health problem. What does the term community context mean? The community context means a recognition that multiple social and political forces may intersect with a health issue. An increasing number of health promotion and related research efforts require the _________ of the community integration and participation What is tailoring? Tailoring involves development of programs or adapting an existing program to a new situation, community, or population. How would one tailor a program for a certain community? - Refer, as much as possible, to situations, people, and issues relevant to the target community/population. - Use language and materials appropriate for the audience. - Schedule activities so that members of the target population can participate. What are the steps to follow for tailoring a program? 1. Assessment of the problem (as in PRECEDE-PROCEDE or similar assessment). 2. Formative research and identifying any existing evidence-based programs or strategies. 3. Ongoing evaluation and assessment to track how well the program is going during implementation. What are some steps to take in order to keep your program sustainable? - Train and hire members of the community to operate the program. - Involve community stakeholders. - Write grant applications or letters seeking other funding sources. - Help link the program to others like it and practitioners in the field. What are some strengths to interventions in a school or workplace? access, One place, similar people, easier than finding randoms, data already there, want to learn, people there to help What are some weaknesses to interventions in a school or workplace? politics, parents, attitudes, not willing, time, resources, external factors What are communication campaigns? Coordinated processes of disseminating messages to influence behavior in a particular group/population When are communication campaigns most effective? Campaigns are most effective when they are seen, heard, and remembered against the din of other competing messages in the media What are the 4 stages in the planning approach for communication campaigns? 1. Planning and Strategy Development 2. Developing and Pretesting Concepts, Messages, and Materials 3. Implementing the Program 4. Assessing Effectiveness and Making Refinements What is media advocacy? The strategic use of mass media to apply pressure to advance healthy public policy. What is the purpose of media advocacy? - Influence public opinion - Influence policy makers - Influence policy What is the goal of media advocacy? focuses on behavior change of policy makers within an institution The most optimistic classify only about 15% of deaths as preventable by medical care. True or false? true _____ of people who get Rx don't even get them filled 20% _____ of people with routine medications do not take them consistently 50% An expert at John Hopkins estimates that number to be around ________ annually, which if accurate, makes medical care the 3rd largest killer in America 225,000 [Show Less]
- Exam
- $13.45
- 0
- 88
CPH Exam Questions with Complete Answers
Which one of the following items does not represent the value of biostatistics in the assessment of health problems of the population and determine their e... [Show More] xtent? (A) Finding patterns in the collected data (B) Summarizing and presenting the information to best describe the target population (C) Deciding what information to gather to help identify the health problems (D) Accounting for possible inaccuracies in responses and measurements (D) Accounting for possible inaccuracies in responses and measurements A biostatistician's responsibility within a collaborating research team is to aid in the research design, analysis, and interpretation of the data. (A), (B), and (C) all describe tasks that would fall within a biostatistician's expertise area. A biostatistician would not be able to account for possible inaccuracies in the data. This is because a biostatistician only has access to the information contained within the data at hand and does not have information concerning the underlying reasoning for inaccuracies in the data. The health department is committed to protecting and promoting the health of the country's residents. Which of the following components of a strategic plan does this statement represent? A. objective B. vision C. mission D. goal C. mission Reduce the number of teenagers who begin to smoke. Which of the following components of a strategic plan does this statement represent? A. goal B. mission C. objective D. vision A. goal The new director of a county health department is getting acquainted with her staff. After several weeks of observing how her two associate directors supervise their subordinates, she notes striking differences in their management styles. One associate director manages employees by assuming that they are highly motivated. He tells members of his staff that they can time-shift their work hours to accommodate their family schedules as long as they get their work done. This director's approach to management exemplifies which of the following leadership theories? A. Contingency theory B. House's path goal theory C. McGregor's theory Y D. Theory Z C. McGregor's theory Y The other associate director assumes that employees find no satisfaction in their work and are exclusively motivated by their salaries. This associate director's approach to management exemplifies which of the following leadership theories? A. McGregor's theory B. Contingency theory C. Theory Z D. House's path goal therapy A. McGregor's theory The director wants to adopt a management strategy that will meet the needs of all personnel in her department, including the two associate directors and their diverse staffs and responsibilities. The most appropriate leadership style for this director is one informed by which of the following theories? A. Theory Z B. McGregor's theory C. House's path to goal therapy D. Contingency therapy D. Contingency therapy A community-based study of a program to increase physical activity is conducted, and the findings are evaluated. A small p-value with an estimate is reported. Which of the following is the best interpretation of this result? A. It is likely the estimate differs from the true value because of bias. B. It is likely the estimate differs randomly and systematically from the norm. C. It is unlikely the estimate differs from the average because of chance. D. It is unlikely the estimate differs from the null value because of random variability D. It is unlikely the estimate differs from the null value because of random variability A pilot study is conducted to examine whether a new drug effectively decreases cholesterol levels over a 6-week period. Twelve participants are enrolled, and serum cholesterol levels are measured before and after the 6-week treatment period. Investigators plan to use a paired t-test to examine whether the drug was effective in reducing cholesterol levels. The paired t-test is more appropriate for analysis of the results than a two-sample t-test for which of the following reasons? A. dependence between the pre-test and post-test measurements B. potential non-normality of the responses C. heterogeneous variances of the two groups 6 D. non-randomness of the timing of the measurements A. dependence between the pre-test and post-test measurements A pilot study is conducted to examine whether a new drug effectively decreases cholesterol levels over a 6-week period. Twelve participants are enrolled, and serum cholesterol levels are measured before and after the 6-week treatment period. Investigators plan to use a paired t-test to examine whether the drug was effective in reducing cholesterol levels. Which of the following are the degrees of freedom for this paired t-test? A. 10 B. 11 C. 12 D. 13 ANSWER B B. 11 A pilot study is conducted to examine whether a new drug effectively decreases cholesterol levels over a 6-week period. Twelve participants are enrolled, and serum cholesterol levels are measured before and after the 6-week treatment period. Investigators plan to use a paired t-test to examine whether the drug was effective in reducing cholesterol levels. If the p-value were calculated to be 0.015, which of the following would be the most appropriate interpretation of this p-value? A. The probability of seeing results as unusual as the observed under the alternative hypothesis is very small. B. The probability of seeing results as unusual as the observed under the null hypothesis very small. C. The probability that the alternative hypothesis is false is very small. D. The probability that the alternative hypothesis is true is very small. ANSWER B B. The probability of seeing results as unusual as the observed under the null hypothesis very small. Which of the following statements best describes an intent-to-treat analysis? A. Analyses compare characteristics of participants who did and did not adhere to the randomized treatment. B. Analyses exclude all participants who did not adhere to the assigned randomized treatment. C. Analyses maintain the original randomized assignment of treatments in the definition of intervention and control groups. D. Analyses reorganize participants into intervention and control groups based on their actual participation. C. Analyses maintain the original randomized assignment of treatments in the definition of intervention and control groups. A study is conducted to examine whether elderly women in at-home care settings maintain more cognitive ability than women who are residents of skilled nursing care facilities. Two 7 groups of 30 elderly women were recruited independently: one group included women living at home with a caregiver, and the second group included women living in skilled nursing care facilities. The women were asked to perform a task and received scores on the execution of the task (higher scores indicated higher cognitive functioning). Which of the following is the most appropriate approach for analyzing these data? A. chi-square (χ 2 ) test B. correlation analysis C. paired t-test D. two-sample t-test D. two-sample t-test A study is conducted to evaluate the relationship between pet ownership and having depressive symptoms. Seventy participants are recruited. Each subject is identified as a current pet owner or a non-pet owner. Participants are categorized as having or not having symptoms of depression. Which of the following is the most appropriate method to evaluate the association between pet ownership and having depressive symptoms in this population? A. paired t-test B. two-sample t-test C. chi-square (χ2) test D. correlation analysis C. chi-square (χ2) test The epidemic of methyl mercury poisoning in Minamata, Japan, in the 1950s illustrated contamination of which of the following? A. water B. fish C. soil D. feed grain B. fish The Ministry of Health of a developing country is considering the nationwide implementation of a test using biomarkers to screen for breast cancer. The test is delivered in health clinics in two similar regions of the country, with the following results: Region A Region B Sensitivity 70% 80% Specificity 85% 95% The positive and negative predictive values are different between the two regions. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the difference in the test's predictive values between the two regions? A. The prevalence of disease is different between the two regions. B. The test is detecting the disease earlier in its natural history in one of the regions. C. The test was not administered in similar conditions in the two regions. D. Length-biased sampling has occurred. C. The test was not administered in similar conditions in the two regions. The Ministry of Health of a developing country is considering the nationwide implementation of a test using biomarkers to screen for breast cancer. The test is delivered in health clinics in two similar regions of the country, with the following results: Region A Region B Sensitivity 70% 80% Specificity 85% 95% Which of the following is the most likely cause of the difference in the test's sensitivity and specificity between the two regions? A. The test is detecting the disease earlier in its natural history in one of the regions. B. Length-biased sampling has occurred. C. The test was not administered in similar conditions in the two regions. D. The prevalence of disease is different between the two regions D. The prevalence of disease is different between the two regions A study investigated the effects of exposure to radioactive fallout from the Hanford Nuclear Site in Washington State in the 1940s and 1950s and subsequent development of thyroid cancer among persons exposed as children and adolescents. Scientists used birth data from the study area to trace and contact subjects to participate in the study. Screening consisted of thyroid palpation, ultrasonography of the thyroid gland, and measurement of thyroid hormone concentrations in serum and urine. Individual thyroid radiation doses were estimated from interview data concerning place of residence and dietary history. As a result of screening, 19 subjects were diagnosed with thyroid cancer. Which of the following terms best describes this type of study design? A. case-control B. ecological C. retrospective cohort D. cross-sectional C. retrospective cohort A study investigated the effects of exposure to radioactive fallout from the Hanford Nuclear Site in Washington State in the 1940s and 1950s and subsequent development of thyroid cancer among persons exposed as children and adolescents. Scientists used birth data from 9 the study area to trace and contact subjects to participate in the study. Screening consisted of thyroid palpation, ultrasonography of the thyroid gland, and measurement of thyroid hormone concentrations in serum and urine. Individual thyroid radiation doses were estimated from interview data concerning place of residence and dietary history. As a result of screening, 19 subjects were diagnosed with thyroid cancer. Which of the following is the most appropriate measure of effect for this type of study? A. prevalence odds ratio B. odds ratio C. correlation coefficient D. risk ratio D. risk ratio A study investigated the effects of exposure to radioactive fallout from the Hanford Nuclear Site in Washington State in the 1940s and 1950s and subsequent development of thyroid cancer among persons exposed as children and adolescents. Scientists used birth data from the study area to trace and contact subjects to participate in the study. Screening consisted of thyroid palpation, ultrasonography of the thyroid gland, and measurement of thyroid hormone concentrations in serum and urine. Individual thyroid radiation doses were estimated from interview data concerning place of residence and dietary history. As a result of screening, 19 subjects were diagnosed with thyroid cancer. Which of the following terms is most appropriate to describe the cases of thyroid cancer identified during the first screening in this study? A. prevalent B. interval C. recurrent D. incident A. prev [Show Less]
- Exam
- $10.45
- 0
- 136
CPH 318 Questions with Correct Answers 2023
Type 2 endometrial carcinomas exhibit all of the following except survival of cases is high. Factors that reduce the risk of developing Type 1 endo... [Show More] metrial carcinoms include which of the following? all of the above Estrogen replacement therapy reduces the risk of endometrial cancer. False The global pattern of endometrial cancer is similar to breast cancer. True What fraction of cases with invasive cervical cancer are diagnosed in nations without effective screening programs? 85%. All strains of HPV listed below have been linked to the development of cervical cancer except HPV6 Infection by oncogenic HPV strains such as HPV16 and HPV18 has been estimated to account for what percentage of cervical cancer cases? 70% Due to widespread screening by the Pap Test coupled with effective therapy for preneoplastic lesions, cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates have declined dramatically in developed countries. True In the USA, the current annual cervical cancer mortality rates are approximately equal among Caucasian and African American women. False According to the Obesity in Endometrial Cancer Prevention and Survivorship video, in one study only 32% of endometrial cancer survivors were counseled by their gynecological oncologist to lose weight. What percent of those counseled actually attempted to lose weight? 100% [Show Less]
- Exam
- $10.95
- 0
- 113
CPH 201 Review Final Questions and Answers 2023
Define and explain the 3 core functions of public health 1. assessment: find the issue, assess the issue 2. policy development: keep it local, make your ... [Show More] situation a plan 3. assurance: make it work, testing of it to make sure it works science vs. politics SCIENCE: knows real success rates and when to test for stuff POLITICS: politicians falsely informing/distorting infof to improve their reputations ie. mammograms cost of medical care $3 trillion Public health gets 3% of that IN THE US, QUALITY OF MEDICAL CARE IS OFTEN QUESTIONABLE AND STIL HAS A PERCENTAGE W/O HEALTH INSURANCE ... 5 steps to assessing a public health problem 1. define the problem 2. identify risk factors 3. develop and test community level interventions to control/prevent the cause of problem 4. implement interventions 5. monitor intervention and its effectiveness define and explain the 3 levels of prevention 1. PRIMARY: prevents an illness or injury from occurring at all ie. vaccines 2. SECONDARY: seeks to minimize severity of illness/injury once event has occurred ie. mammogram, seatbelt 3. TERTIARY: help once event has occurred ie. PT, OT chain of causation host : susceptible agent : thing that does the killing Environment : where host is vector : facilitator to get agent to host ~if you fix one, all will benefit b/c all connected identify the chain of causation in ZIKA host : person agent : Zika virus environment : miami, africa vector : mosquito what is "The Future of Public Health?" published by the institute of medicine. showed public health people how they werent perfect gave suggestions : 3 CORE FUNCTIONS OF PUBLIC HEALTH how has public health changed in the past 150 years? (5) 1. changes in death rates 2. vaccines 3. accidents and injuries 4. waste and sewage disposal 5. water quality 25 YEARS OF THE 30 YEAR LIFE EXPECTANCY INCREASE IS ATTRIBUTED TO PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTIONS 45 --> 75 ... public health vs. medical care med: patient is individual pub: patient is community med: goal = cure pub: goal - prevention of disease&disability SES IS THE #1 DETERMINING FACTOR OF YOUR HEALTH ... social justice vs. market justice social justice : common good. should be a fundamental right. bernie sanders market justice : individual responsibility. right to be left alone 4 reasons why public health is so controversial every single life matters!!!! politics are almost always controversial "parenting" SES is important biggest example of bioterrorism in epidemiology anthrax letters in the mail what are the 2 biggest examples of public health and terrorism 9/11 & anthrax letters public health response to disasters? both natural and man made helps to control damage, prevent further harm to survivors and rescuers FOR ALL STUDIES WE MUST CONSIDER HONESTY ERRORS AND DROP OUTS ... case control study choose people who already have disease for the case group. ALWAYS RETROSPECTIVE fastest and cheapest cohort study for situations where an intervention would be unethical or too difficult people who are healthy start intervention study closest thing to an experiment mortality rate number of deaths from a disease in a defined population over a defined period of time prevalence rate total number of cases in a defined population at a specific moment in time incidence rate rate of NEW cases in a defined population over a defined period of time rate a measure of disease frequency step 1 of epidemiology define disease/health outcome -sometimes easy, gunshot -sometimes hard, HIV explain possible "who's" in epidemiology age, sex, race, SES epidemiology and chronic disease identify risk factors, then observe long term factors how to determine patterns of disease occurrance 1. WHO is getting disease 2. WHEN did they get disease? 3. WHERE is disease occurring ALL = WHY it's ocurring what actually is epidemiology? the diagnostic discipline of public health an observational science investigates cause of diseases john snow father of modern epidemiology -cholera -shoe leather -H2O supply --> handle of pump FDA Food and Drug Administration does not test vitamins and supplements NIH National Institutes for Health CDC center for disease control and prevention local public health agencies have to provide care for the poor begins and ends with locals police powers in public health preventing people from hurting themselves, each other, and to defend the rights of incompetent persons medicare vs. medicaid medicare : elderly 100% funded by govt. Medicaid : AID for at risk people, low income, 50%-80% funded by govt what is the federal govt's role in regulating public health regulate interstate commerce, COLLECT TAXES who regulates public health? THE STATE union of concerned scientists signed by 60 scientists -documented instances of hidden info to "look better" -ie. abortion = breast cancer (false), abstinence only programs, climate change GEORGE W. BUSH IS A LYING PIECE OF SHIT moral and religious issues with public health sex and reproduction alcohol and drugs assisted suicide and other life ending/EOL decisions individual liberties, when does public health step in? -to prevent harm to others -paternalism: laws to protect kids -to protect individuals from own actions ie. helmet laws -tragedy of the commons economic impact on public health businesses often resist public health because they affect profit those who must pay are usually not the ones who benefit cost easier to calculate than benefit define health state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing - not just the absence of disease Health is a fundamental right of every human regardless of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition define public health the science and art of preventing the river metaphor river = disease bridge = public health health disparities Inequalities that exist when members of certain populations do not benefit from the same health status as other groups common divides where we see health disparities race SES age gender education geographical location endemic what is normally occurring ie. flu epidemic significantly higher than normal within a community ie. ebola in KY, mumps on campus pandemic when an epidemic exceeds borders ie. Zika Leigonnaire's disease people at a conference were getting really sick and they discovered the disease was spreading through the air vents sources of error in studies random variation confounding variables bias factors that lend validity to study results strong association dose-response relationship known biological explanation large study population Tuskegee syphilis studies poor, uneducated, black men were gathered and tested on without being told what for or that they had syphilis SCIENCE IS ONGOING, STUDIES MAY CONTRACT EACH OTHER ... probability what usually happens, but the most improbable things are bound to happen eventually p-value if p is greater or equal to 0.05, result is significant law of small probabilities the rarest things are sometimes ocurring power probabilities of finding an effect, if there is an effect best way to increase power is to have TONS of participants why screening? to catch it before it creates more harm sensitivity vs. specificity sensitivity : anything that has even the smallest chance of being positive is flagged... lots of false positives specificity : being as detailed as possible in tests. flags things that are absolutely definitely positive... lots of false negatives birth rates we are the best at recording birth rates than any other rate crude rates how many people died adjusted rates how many women died vs. how many men died age adjusted rates alaska vs. florida mortality rates group specific rates ie gender specific years of potential life lost (YPLL) accidents, cancer, heart disease risk assessment and risk perception -for well known risks, can be calculated from historical data, but from poorly understood risks, must make many assumptions -risk perception involves psychological factors example: being terrified of flying but not of driving even though driving is far more dangerous cost-benefit analysis cost is easier to calculate than benefits what monetary value can we put on a saved life? often controversial cost-effective analysis when you have a program in place, and you run another program to compare why do we need data? -so we know what is going on -asses the health of a community -raw material for research vital statistics local records, of birth, death, and notifiable diseases local --> state --> federal census serves as a denominator for tons of studies every 10 years every American must be accounted for short form vs. long form American community survey began in 2005 asks more detailed questions than the census does is there too much data? no confidentiality govt has safeguards to protect individuals use of data may include removal of identifying information review boards what is the number 1 infectious killer today? TB what kills us then and now? over half of us died if infectious diseases in 1900, now, less than 3% of us die from infectious disease. public health has been extremely effective in preventing infectious diseases how did we conquer infectious diseases water purification waste disposal milk pasteurization immunizations antibiotics Edward Jenner smallpox, 1796 Discovered that the milkmaids weren't getting smallpox, they said it was because they had cowpox. So he took a servant-level child and gave him the cox pox, and waited for child to recover. The child recovered and then Jenner infected him with smallpox to see if the cowpox made him Jonas Stalk polio, 1952 People asked him if he would patent the polio vaccine, since everyone would want/need it. Polio devastated families and killed tons of people, so he could make a lot of money off of patenting it. He said "why would I patent it? It would be like patenting the sun." He recognized that people needed it, not just wanted it, and didn't want to take their money, and instead just GAVE people the vaccination. means of transportation for disease water food vectors such as insects or animals air/aerosols means of transmission for disease fomite fecal-oral transmit bodily fluid when are things contagious? symptomatic phase. tb, common cold, you look nasty, people already know to stay away from you. you're contagious when you look sick pre-symptomatic phase measles, mumps, you are contagious before you show signs of being sick carrier state tyhpoid mary, you are contagious although you are perfectly healthy chain of infection pathogen, reservoir, means of transmission, susceptible host public health measures to stop infectious diseases epidemic surveillance contact tracing immunization and treatment of identified patients quarantine is eradication possible? only if there is no non-human reservoir factors tat lead to emergence of new infections modern agricultural practices international travel international distribution of food and exotic animals break down of social restraints on sexual behavior HIV/AIDS stats first recognized in the US in 1981 now a worldwide killer -US- 50,000 new cases/year -78 million infected world wide - 39 mil have died -1 in 20 are HIV positive in sub saharan africa HIV/AIDS screening recognized antibodies, not present until 3-6 weeks after initial infection HIV/AIDS transmission and treatment transmission: -sexually & needles -mother to infant -blood transfusions HIV is kind of chronic because of long term effects many drugs now available, but no cure. price is skyrocketing, which affects you SES and your ability to live or die with it how many people died of influenza in the 1918-1919 flu? 20-40 million what is the mortality rate for untreated TB? 50% the shift from infectious to chronic diseases loss of a specific agent complexity increases leading cause vs. root cause importance to public health Leading causes of actual deaths. characteristics and top 3 top 3: -smoking -poor diet and physical inactivity -misuse of alcohol characteristics: -account for almost half of all deaths -most are preventable, premature, and caused by individual behavior -targets for individual health intervention what can we do about the leading actual causes of death and will it work? EDUCATION --> tobacco, sex ed, play 60 --> eh REGULATION --> taxes, bans, prison --> yes PROHIBITION --> alcohol, drugs --> no behavior and social environment humans are social creatures and their behavior is strongly affected by their social environment focusing on individuals leads to BLAMING, however focusing on social environment leads to BIG PICTURE THINKING :) health is affected by SES , gender, marital status, race, and ethnicity the effects of SES SES is the most important predictor of health health gradient hold at all levels of social scale bc - nutrition - sanitation - conditions of physical environment - high SES = healthier behaviors, educated, and health literate health of minority populations in the US, racial and ethnic minorities have poorer health than the white population does -life expectancy -infant mortality -diabetes -cancer -hiv/aids psychological factors of health stress social support change in the environment self efficacy effects of stress mortality increases after divorce, death of a family member, job, etc... increases risk of heart disease stress increases as SES increases childhood stress = lifetime consequences --> ACES social support on health alameda study people with more social support had lower mortality define disaster disasters can cause death, injury, disease, and property damage on a scale beyond the routine emergencies to which the health system accustomed types of disasters natural --> predictable technological --> not predictable response for all types of disasters search and rescue treatment and evacuation of injured food, water, shelter for survivors minimize environmental hazards ALL TYPES REQUIRE RESPONSE PLANNING 9/11 north tower hit first, then pentagon, then south tower. communication really lacked, which killed a lot of people. people killed vs. saved from 9/11 towers 2,801 killed in terrorist attacks 13,000 - 15,000 saved failure to protect clean up crews and rescuers fro environmental hazards continues to kill people world trade response: routine public health functions - Issued death certificates and burial permits - Monitored safety and food and drinking water served to emergency workers - Cleaned up food in abandoned restaurants - Sampled dust and debris to assess risk - Surveillance of cleanup workers and area residents for symptoms - Arranged for mental health counseling - Victim location services changes made after 9/11 • Money provided fed. Govt. to improve county, city, and state emergency preparedness o 9 billion dollars since 2002 o used for planning, training, improving communication and coordination, strengthening hospitals and labs, and improving epi surveillance • CDC set up a Strategic Nationwide Stockpile that can be delivered anywhere in the country within 12 hours what is in the Strategic Nationwide Stockpile? medical supplies, antibiotics, antidotes, vaccines. hurricane katrina New Orleans located below sea level, category 5 storm people evacuated to the Super Dome, but way too many people showed up and there weren't enough supplies. tons of low SES people had no means of escape--> very bad. canadian troops showed up before America's did, 1800 deaths. no directions of what to do. race and SES played a big factor in who lived and who died after hurricane katrina passed damaged housing contaminated FEMA trailers large displaced population what was the most deadly disaster 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami 230,000 deaths current national threats tsunami -->2004 Indian Ocean hurricanes floods forest fires tornadoes earthquakes --> 2010 Haiti volcanoes snow/ice storms current technological threats domestic vs. international terrorism in the US unrest abroad mass shooting EMP nuclear disaster infrastructure & engineering disasters bioterrorism who has the best emergency planning?? the mormons hahahahahhahahaha principles of emergency preparedness` -practice and drill are key!!!!!! -importance of advance planning involving all agencies -importance of good communication -incidence command system -fed. govt. has provided funding to states and metropolitan areas for planning -fed. govt. needs to find emergency planning -Strategic national stockpile needs to actually be used what is the incident command system put a single person in charge at scene bioterrorism preparedness -same as preparedness for epidemics -surveillance is important -need for laboratory capability -need for public health laws enabling authorities to take action -problem of whether uninsured will seek care -need for coordination between public health and law enforcement surveillance activities • Emergency room visits • Calls to 911 and poison control • Veterinarian diseases • Pharmacy records • Uninsured and undocumented immigrants 3 basic requirements for human life food water air ENVIRONMENT IS BEYOND THE CONTROL OF INDIVIDUALS ... what were the first known public health measures as early as 2000 BC, cities in India, Egypt, Greece, and S. America had clean water and sewage drainage role of govt. in environmental health local govts provide clean water and disposal of wastes as populations grew, environmental problems transcended local govt. in the 60's and 70's govt. took more responsibility. as urbanization/suburbanization grew, the number of environmental concerns have grown Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Radiation -UV light from the sun -Radium girls - Gas -early scandals: xrays and radioactive ingredients in med. -Radon girls -lessons on health effects of radiation learned from atomic bombings in Japan Mercury -neurological damage --> mad hatter -japan in 1950's -iraq in 1972 -current cause of mercury levels: coal burning power plants -concern about fever thermometers and school lab equiptment lead MOST IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL THREAT TO AMERICAN CHILDREN -harmful to brain and nervous system -was used in paint until 1977 asbestos -was widely used bc of fire resistance -was required in schools -lung cancer -world trade centers --> clean up and rescue workers pesticides and industrial chemicals -Rachel Carson's Silent Spring - 1962 --> beginning of environmental movement -DDT and other pesticides banned in 1972 -PCB's: hudson river, most widespread chemical contaminant in the world -skin rash, discoloration of newborns, headaches, fatigue, etc... what is the effect of endocrine disruptors FDA had declared them safe but now reconsidering. potentially affect reproduction, nervous system, immune system, maybe cancer risk-benefit analysis -absolute safety is impossible -over-regulation can cause under-regulation -must balance risk against other societal goals, including economic well-being -political groups sometimes favor economic and business interests over environment and public health carrying capacity number of organisms that can be supported without degrading environment thomas mathus predicted that human population growth would outgrow food supply what is the current world population 7 billion what does the UN predict the world population will be in 2050? 9.3 billion where does excess population settle? cities how has public health contributed to population growth by reducing death rates in developing countries, especially among children how much of the world is living with water shortages? 1/3 what global resources are being depleted fresh water fuel food what percent of the world's pop are chronically or acutely malnourished? 14% what percent of the major marine fish stocks are exploited or significantly depleted 75% what percent of the earth's vegetated surface is at least moderately degraded? 10% POPULATION STABILIZATION COMES WITH MODERIZATION AND ECONOMIC VIABILITY ... who is opposed to contraception? catholics and muslims what countries blame each other from population growth? rich and poor countries 1994 UN Conference: 20 year program of action -education for women -empowering women to choose fewer children and providing family planning options -reducing infant mortality rates major countries associated with high greenhouse gas emissions China is #1 greenhouse gas emitters. 20% of the world pop, 24% of greenhouse gases US is #2 greenhouse gas emitters 18% of world pop, 20% of greenhouse gases smaller percentage than china, but higher per capita define carrying capacity the number of organisms that can be supported without degrading the environment [Show Less]
- Exam
- $15.45
- 0
- 316
CPH 318 Cancer Biology Questions and Answers
What biological process stimulates formation of new blood vessels? angiogenesis What family of enzymes are associated with invasive cancer? Telome... [Show More] rase What biological process regulates cell senescence? apoptosis What percent of human cancers are carcinomas derived from proliferating epithelial cell populations? 90% Cancer can be succinctly defined as "deranged cell division". True Approximately 10% of human cancer evolves from epithelial cell populations. False Carcinoma in situ has a poor prognosis. False In the Hallmarks of Cancer Part 2 video why are most cells limited to only 40-60 divisions before cell death? they lose some DNA with each division In the Cancer Biology 101 video approximately what percent of the premalignant/precursor cells will go on to ultimately become cancer? 10% In the Hallmarks of Cancer part 1 video there is a discussion of the "self-sufficiency of growth" hallmark. What do cancer cells do to be self-sufficient in growth growth receptor activated without growth factor [Show Less]
- Exam
- $11.45
- 0
- 92
CPH Exam Questions And Answers 100% Correct
Describe the McKinsey 7s Framework Pg 83 - Places shared values in the center, and then interconnects three hard elements (strategy, structure, and system... [Show More] s) with three soft elements (skill, style, and staff) to create a model of leadership for a group or community. Describe the Astin Social Change Model for Leadership Top of 84 -- Identifies 7 critical values all of which begin with C: consciousness of self, congruence, commitment, collaboration, common purpose, controversy with civility, and citizenship. All are interconnected around the 8th C "change." ASPH definition of leadership (2009) 84 - The ability to create and communicate a shared vision for a positive future; inspire trust and motivate others; and use evidence-based strategies to enhance essential public health services. What are the three core functions of public health? 85 - assessment, policy development, and assurance. What are the 10 essential public health services? 1. Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems. 2. Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community. 3. Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues. 4. Mobilize community partnerships and action to identify and solve health problems. 5. Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts. 6. Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety. 7. Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable. 8. Assure competent public and personal health care workforce. 9. Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services. 10. Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems. What are the three levels of PH leadership? 88 - 1. The field of PH -- what we do collectively; have a collective responsibility to be leaders. 2. As individuals -- emerge as advocates from the community, agencies, etc. 3. Designated leadership positions -- use positions of power How is management different from leadership? 89 -- "leaders do the right thing; managers do things right." Management more internally focused, leadership more external, creative, adaptable. If one person is asked to do both, one usually suffers (usually leadership) What are the leadership tasks associated with assessment? 91 - 92 - assessing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats - engage in dialogue with outside stakeholders - high quality evaluation - promote accountability - make evidence-based decisions using qual/quant data - embrace performance standards - constant QI What are some of the leadership tasks associated with management? 92 - 93 - allocation of resources - create strategic plans harnessed to mission and vision - keeps the values of the organization - commit to capacity building in sectors relevant to the ph work of an agency, such as continuing professional development. - manage the policy-making process What are some of the leadership tasks associated with managing change? 93-94 - managing conflict - negotiating - easing difficulty with change adjustments Describe the human response to change cycle. 93 -- [Concern for the past; potential losses] (Cognitive) 1. Shock 2. Denial (Emotional) 3. Anger 4. Blame 5. Bargain 6. Apathy [Concern for the future; potential gains] 7. Acceptance 8. Explore (Emo/Cog) 9. Understand (Cognitive) 10. Integrate 11. Sustain Define "Health" according to WHO. a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Define public health according to the IOM (1988) what we as a society do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy Who was John Graunt? He created the "the bills of mortality" became the first major contribution to record keeping on a population; beginning of vital statistics. 1661 Who was Edward Jenner? He was a surgeon who observed cowpox could provide immunity for smallpox. Who was Sir Edmund Chadwick? 1842 - linked the environment to what was happening in health. Wrote The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population in London What significant PH even happened in the US in 1798? The creation of the US Marine Hospital Service to quarantine ships and stop spreading disease What significant PH event happened in the US in 1799? The first PH departments were formed in port cities What significant PH health even happened in the US in 1912? The US Public Health Service was formed. What was significant about the 1974 Lalonde Report, "A new perspective on the health of Canadians"? The first time a nation said that they are interested in chronic disease and want to focus on health promotion and disease prevention. PH shift away from infectious disease. What was significant about the 1979 "Healthy People" report from the US surgeon general? Response to the Lalonde report, laying out the notion that the US would also shift its focus to the causes of chronic disease and prevention. The responsibility of PH rests at what level of government and why? The state, because the 10th amendment says that powers not delegated to the federal gov't are reserved to the states. This is different from most other nations. What is the federal gov't responsibility to PH? (3 answers) 1. Provides 50% of funding 2. Responds to situations that cross state lines 3. Sets broad national guidelines What are the Healthy People 2020 overarching goals? 1. Attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease 2. Achieve health equity 3. Create social and physical environments that promote good health 4. Promote quality of life, healthy development, healthy behaviors across life stages What were the early functions of PH? Sanitation Nuisance control Vital records Quarantine/control of infectious diseases Maternal and child health What are the 4 functions of PH defined by the APHA in 1968 that must be done by all state health departments? 1. Health surveillance, planning, and program development 2. Promotion of local health coverage 3. Setting and enforcement of standards 4. Providing health services What are 6 common state health functions? Vaccinations Tobacco prevention and control Food safety Emergency preparedness and response Health promotion HIV/AIDS and STIs What are 6 social determinants of health? 1. economic stability 2. neighborhood and physical environment 3. education 4. food 5. community and social context 6. health care system What are the 6 core health outcomes? 1. Mortality 2. Morbidity 3. Life expectancy 4. Health care expenditures 5. Health status 6. Functional limitations Describe the UN sustainable development concept. Millenium goals integrating social determinants of health, education, climate change, emphasizing the link between health and development. A SWOT or SPOT assessment can be used to... Identify priorities for funding What is the situational approach to leadership? Argues that there is not single correct theory of leadership, but that leadership must be relevant to the situation. What are the three categories of management according to Mintzenberg? Informational, Interpersonal, and Decisional What are the three management roles in the "interpersonal" category? Inspirational leadership, ceremonial figurehead, and networking liaison What are the three management roles in the "informational" category? Monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson. What are the three management roles in the "decisional" category? Entrepreneur, resource allocator, and negotiator. Katz posits that leaders need what three skills? Technical, human, and conceptual. Organizational structure The formal framework for dividing and coordinating efforts within an organization. Satisficing Choosing an option that is acceptable, although not necessarily the best or perfect. Maximizing (type of decision making) The very best decision made to protect everyone, especially the most vulnerable. Combinatorial decision-making Having a clearly defined outcome and taking a narrow, prescribed path to obtain it, eschewing alternatives. positional decision making Considering options as they arise and constantly re-assessing; more flexible than combinatorial. Chain of command the line of authority that moves from the top of a hierarchy to the lowest level What are the four main elements of Diffusion of Innovations theory? The innovation, communication channels, over time, among members of a social system. What are the five steps of diffusion of innovations? Knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, confirmation The mobilization of health care information electronically across public health systems is called Health information exchange Regional Health Information Organization (RHIO) an organization that manages the local deployment of systems promoting and facilitating the exchange of healthcare data within a national health information network What are the characteristics of a good performance measure according to the IOM? Measurability, reliability, feasibility, accuracy What are the four principles of effective team building? Defining criteria for goals and success, dividing labor, leading by example, providing clear guidance and constructive feedback. The first step to building agency capacity is Assessing the assets you have and the state of your capacity currently Classical Organizational Theory An early approach to the study of management that focused on the most efficient way of structuring organizations and how to maximize worker productivity. Mechanical view of human beings. Assumed rationality. Neoclassical and social systems organization theory. People are viewed as a whole person. Ppl do not come in as only workers. Bring in their entire selves. Assumptions include limited rationality or nonrationality. Interested in interpersonal relationships, pointing out that informal relationships that are very important. Mintzberg's types of organization i. Simple org: flat, fast, flexible, lean ii. Machine: bureaucracy, standard, formalized, tall structure. Hard to get info down and up iii. Professional org: bureaucratic but relies on highly trained professionals more democratic. Practice still governed by rules and set procedures. iv. Divisional organization: different product lines and business units; central team focuses on strategy while land managers focus on products. v. Innovative orgs: adhocracy. Project based central pool of talent, work is highly flexible, people move from team to team. Common in IT. Organizational economics OR economic systems theory People are self-interested actors. Transactions occurring within an org. Assumed opportunism, rationality. Minimizing costs and maximizing profits, coordinating activities, transaction, information asymmetries, contractual relationships. "It's about the money." The decision to make or buy. Four types of roles in an organization i. Tasks (task leader, info gatherer, devil's advocate, energizer) ii. Socio-emotional (encourager, tension releaser, compromiser) iii. Procedural (facilitator, gate-keeper, recorder) iv. Individual (focused on personal goals) What are some ways to avoid group think? - Opportunities for anonymous feedback - Avoid insulation - People charged with being critical evaluators - Open climate - Avoid being too directive Transactional vs. Transformational Leadership A transactional leader—leader gives the worker something they want and in exchange the worker obeys the leader. Transformational leader: it's about more than a transaction. The transformational leader wants to transform workers into leaders themselves. They inspire their followers. Behavioral Leadership We can train people to be leaders. Concern for people (as opposed to production) predicts leadership. Assumes that there is still only one best way to be a leader no matter what type of leader you have. Trait Theory of Leadership Trying to figure out and predict good leaders. Would be helpful if this actually worked, but it is very difficult to distinguish between leaders and followers. Also culturally dependent, eg. individualist and collectivist cultures. contingency theory of leadership No single best way to be a leader. It depends on a variety of factors. What is good leadership in "that" context. Con: takes longer to do this type of analysis. Relational leadership not focusing on the individual leadership. What does it mean to be an authentic leader? Leading with emotional intelligence. Relational process, built on understanding others and being aware of them and aware of yourself Matrix of domination i. Structural domain: institutional structures and policies that organize and regulate power. Work pipeline. ii. Disciplinary domains: the use of norms, rules, regulations and surveillance to uphold social hierarchy or challenge it. iii. Cultural domains: the construction and spread of ideology, ideas, images, representations, etc. Look for justifications that are rooted in ideology. iv. Interpersonal domain: experience that individuals have with intersecting oppressions. Biased behaviors and microaggressions. Expectancy theory the theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance (expectancy), that good performance will be rewarded (instrumentality), and that they will be offered attractive rewards (valence) Hertzberg's Two-Factor Theory Motivator factor: the factors that lead to satisfaction and the things that make employees work harder; examples like enjoying work and career progression Hygiene factor: the factors that can lead to dissatisfaction and a lack of motivation if they are absent; like salary, benefits, company policies, etc. Malevolent vs non-malevolent hostility Non-malevolent: worsens the position of others only done to improve the preferred position (e.g., Not considering new information coming in; sticking to position) Malevolent: designed to actually hurt others Hostile conflict results in: i. Psychological withdrawal: alienation, apathy, and indifference ii. Physical withdrawal: absence, tardiness, and turnover Five Conflict Management Styles avoidance, accommodation, competition, compromise, collaboration [Show Less]
- Exam
- $13.45
- 0
- 304
CPH Exam Questions and Answers 2022/2023
Public Health professionals have to learn to work effectively with the media. Public health is potentially appealing for the popular press because: 1. its... [Show More] stories have urgency, drama and novelty. 2. it is a source rich in detail, facts and figures. 3. scientists and journalists have a long history of mutual trust. 4. public information officers issue press releases. its stories have urgency, drama and novelty in the design and implementation of public health data systems, installing security features should be: 1. inherent in privacy by design at all stages. 2. a task separately done by an expert cybersecurity team. 3. limited to firewalls and administrative control. 4. the final step before release of software systems. inherent in privacy by design at all stages When beginning work with a coalition of community groups to improve health outcomes in the community, a key first step would be to: 1. Develop a shared vision 2. Develop an evaluation plan 3. Develop a data collection plan 4. Develop a logic model Develop a shared vision If two copies of a mutant allele are necessary to cause symptoms of a disease to appear in the phenotype, what type of genetic disease is this? 1. Recessive 2. Sex-linked 3. Autosomal 4. Dominant Recessive River water pollution due to stormwater runoff from chemically fertilized farm fields is an example of: 1. Non-point source pollution 2. Point source pollution 3. Accidental and unforeseeable pollution 4. Unpreventable and inconsequential pollution non-point source pollution Count data, such as the number of events occurring in a specified period of time, are often described by which probability distribution? 1. Binomial 2. Chi-square 3. Normal 4. Poisson Poisson is often used to describe count data and can be used to describe rate data by including an offset term for the denominator of the rate Poisson Distribution the probability distribution for the number of successes in a sequence of Bernoulli trials, which are a series of trials where each trial can either succeed or fail, the trials are independent, and the probability of success is the same for each trial. binomial distribution is a right-skewed distribution where the area under the curve is equal to one, it starts at 0 on the x-axis and extends infinitely to the right but never touches the x-axis, and where the curve looks increasingly normal as the degrees of freedom increase Chi-square distribution a type of bell-shaped curve that is centered around a mean and approaches the x-axis when it is greater than 3 standard deviations away from the mean. Normal Distribution The Dartmouth Atlas of Healthcare demonstrates that small area variations in Medicare expenditures across geographic areas are primarily attributable to differences in: 1. Physician practice styles 2. Consumer preferences for high-cost services 3. Age of the population served 4. Health status of the population served Physician practice styles After identifying and appointing expert members to inter-professional teams for implementing health initiatives, the administration: 1. has shifted all responsibility to the team. 2. role should only consist of receiving periodic progress reports. 3. should plan to confirm the team norms and dynamics are productive. 4. can announce that the initiative was successfully launched. should plan to confirm the team norms and dynamics are productive What is an evaluation designed to present conclusions about whether a program should be sustained, changed, or eliminated? 1. Formative evaluation 2. Implementation evaluation 3. Process evaluation 4. Summative evaluation Summative evaluation evaluation falls into one of the two broad categories: formative and summative. ____________ evaluations should be completed once your programs are well established and will tell you to what extent the program is achieving its goals summative evaluations Which of the following practices enhances equity across populations when making health policy decisions in a community? 1. Requiring randomized control evidence of effectiveness 2. Allocating resources based on population size 3. Collecting health-related data about the individuals in the community 4. Including diverse constituencies in the decision-making groups including diverse constituencies in the decision-making groups A short narrative or statement that describes the general focus and purpose of a program is called: 1. A mission statement 2. A long-term goal 3. A long-range plan 4. An objective mission statement To learn more about the "natural course" of syphilis, from 1932-1972, the US Public Health Service left infected study participants (comprised of poor black men) untreated. This resulted in pain, blindness, infertility, and death, as well as transmission of the disease to partners and children. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, is a sentinel public health event because of these ethical violations and resulted in: 1. The Nuremberg Code 2. The Belmont Report 3. Rose-Welch Report 4. The Legal Epidemiology Competency Model The Belmont Report The t-distribution approaches which distribution as its degrees of freedom increases? 1. Exponential distribution 2. Normal distribution 3. Binomial distribution 4. Chi-square distribution Normal Distribution Which of the following pairs of values are most likely to conflict during a response to a public health emergency? 1. Truth-telling versus community welfare 2. Beneficence versus justice 3. Individual autonomy versus community welfare 4. Community welfare versus justice Individual autonomy versus community welfare Historically, which of the following had the greatest impact on average life expectancy? 1. Vaccinations for infectious diseases 2. Improvements in sanitation and hygiene 3. Advances in medical care technology 4. Increased application of health education Improvements in sanitation and hygiene Income, interpersonal stress, and education level are all examples of ____________, which determine the overall health, and quality of life of our communities. 1. Physical determinants 2. Spatial determinants 3. Environmental determinants 4. Social determinants Social determinants As a first step in public health emergency preparedness, jurisdictions should: 1. Ask a local government leader what will be expected of them. 2. Outsource public health emergency preparedness responsibilities. 3. Self-assess their ability to address resource elements for each preparedness capability and then assess their ability to demonstrate the functions associated with each capability. 4. Design and conduct at least one table-top exercise. Self-assess their ability to address resource elements for each preparedness capability and then assess their ability to demonstrate the functions associated with each capability. In the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, the step in program planning where planners use data to identify and rank health problems is called: 1. Behavioral assessment 2. Needs assessment 3. Ecological assessment 4. Environmental assessment Needs assessment Policy analysis when designing public health programs is: 1. involves a straightforward statistical analysis of health and public polling data. 2. a subjective political task accomplished by legislative debate and trade-offs. 3. complex, involving data collection and clarification of objectives. 4. impossible to define because different policy areas require different approaches. complex, involving data collection and clarification of objectives A district health department is trying to decide whether to invest in interpretation services and translated materials to address local language barriers, address needs of limited English proficient (LEP) clients and meet Federal requirements. The Four Factor Analysis-to guide LHDs in meeting these mandates and to provide recommendations for providing translated materials and interpretation services- is part of a 1. National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS) Assessment 2. Language Needs Assessment 3. Health Resource Access Assessment 4. Community Literacy Assessment Language needs assessment Which of the following evaluates asymmetry in a distribution? 1. Skew 2. Range 3. Confidence interval 4. Kurtosis Skew- refers to the symmetry of the curve a measure of the "peakedness" of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable kurtosis is a range of values that are, at a specified probability, likely to contain a specific parameter confidence interval is a measure of dispersion that expresses the lowest and highest value contained in a dataset. range Social marketing is the use of marketing principles to influence human behavior in order to improve health. Which one below is NOT one of the 4 P's of social marketing? 1. Price 2. Promotion 3. Place 4. Process Process The four P's of social marketing is Price, Promotion, Place, and Product. A public health professional is asked to conduct a needs assessment for a community. A needs assessment: 1. Introduces resources to fill community gaps 2. Ensures a competent public and personal health care workforce 3. Assists to identify and prioritize health problems 4. Provides health resources for medically underserved populations Assists to identify and prioritize health problems n some cases of food bourne illness, Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome is caused by which organism? 1. Listeria 2. E. coli strain 0157:H7 3. Cryptosporidium 4. Salmonella E. coli strain 0157:H7 Which of the following survey items best assesses an individual's socioeconomic status in terms of increasing validity and response rate? 1. Income in the past month 2. Highest level of education attained 3. Eligibility for public assistance 4. Perception of economic insecurity Perception of economic insecurity Which of the following approaches recognize that health of people is interconnected with health of animals and environment; and collaborate with physicians, veterinarians, ecologists, epidemiologists, and other related healthcare providers to monitor and control public health threats and to learn about how diseases spread among people, animals, and the environment? 1. Veterinary Public Health 2. Environmental Health 3. One Health 4. Population Health One Health A researcher is working with local barber shops to plan a health promotion intervention. The intervention activities will include health education training workshops and educational print materials for the customers. The intervention activities are hypothesized to lead to changes in customers' fruit/vegetable intake, physical activity, and screening adherence. Which of the following statements describes how the researcher might start a formative evaluation plan? 1. Document which participating barbers attended each of the training workshops 2. Document the barbers' change in fruit/vegetable intake 3. Document the customers' change in physical activity 4. Convene focus groups in two barber shops to discuss print materials Convene focus groups in two barber shops to discuss print materials A supervisor of a small community health clinic serving a largely multi-national immigrant community assigns their project manager the responsibility of developing a new process to ensure complaints and conflicts are addressed promptly and respectfully for each patient. This is prompted by a recent complaint that a staff member was rudely addressing a limited English-speaking patient and her family when trying to communicate a diagnosis. In order to create a new process that takes into account the cultural and communication needs of the patients, the program manager must: 1. Create a new conflict process based solely on examples from other clinics. 2. Select a group of patients to provide input on how complaints should be resolved. 3. Wait until a new complaint occurs to observe the existing process. 4. Ask their coworkers how they personally deal with complaints and conflicts in the office. Select a group of patients to provide input on how complaints should be resolved. After reviewing evidence demonstrating increased survival of narcotic self-overdose after immediate naloxone administration, the State Commissioner of Health issues the following standing order: "This order authorizes pharmacists who maintain a current active license practicing in a pharmacy located in Virginia that maintains a current active pharmacy permit to dispense one of the following naloxone formulations (notes intranasal or autoinject kits options), in accordance the current Board of Pharmacy-approved protocol." "The State Good Samaritan Act states in part that any person who, in good faith prescribes, dispenses, or administers naloxone or other opioid antagonist used for overdose reversal in an emergency to an individual who is believed to be experiencing or about to experience a life-threatening opiate overdose shall not be liable for any civil damages for ordinary negligence in acts or omissions resulting from the rendering of such treatment if acting in accordance with the Good Samaritan Act or in his role as a member of an emergency medical services agency." This order demonstrates: 1. Secondary Prevention and Harm Prevention Strategy 2. Secondary Prevention and Harm Reduction Strategy 3. Tertiary Prevention and Harm Reduction Strategy 4. Tertiary Prevention and Harm Prevention Strategy Tertiary Prevention and Harm Reduction Strategy In the funding applications that state public health departments typically submit every year, program and organizational budget requests: 1. are not included, only research project funding is described. 2. are justified by reasonable numbers on accounting spreadsheets. 3. need explanation in a budget narrative. 4. tend to always be funded. need explanation in a budget narrative. May a state officer or employee of a regulatory agency concurrently conduct an outside (private) business or accept outside employment? 1. Yes, provided the outside business activity is unrelated to the area that he or she regulates. 2. No, any outside business engagement gives the appearance of unacceptable conflict of interest. 3. Perhaps, but only if the outside business engagement is approved by the agency's head. 4. There is no clear ethical standard - this is more a question of ability to manage both schedules. Perhaps, but only if the outside business engagement is approved by the agency's head. Which of the following is an example of a utilization rate used to monitor health system performance? 1. Congenital syphilis rate 2. Late stage breast cancer incidence rate 3. Infant mortality rate 4. Readmission rate for depression readmission rate for depression Which of the following best characterizes the contingency theory of leadership? 1. The leader's authority is contingent upon subordinates 2. The leader's effectiveness depends upon factors in the leadership context 3. The leader's effectiveness depends upon the technical competency of staff 4. The leader's authority is contingent upon formal rules and sanctions The leader's effectiveness depends upon factors in the leadership context All written intervention messages (whether printed, computer-delivered, or Internet-based) must: 1. Start with the most important information first 2. Include graphics, pictures, and the like to attract people's attention 3. Be at a reading level suitable to the target population 4. Be no longer than four sentences long Be at a reading level suitable to the target population Select the qualitative method that collects data through a simultaneous conversation with a group of people. 1. key informant interviews 2. discourse analysis 3. surveys 4. focus groups focus groups Waterborne diseases can result from fecal contamination. Which of the following would be classified as a waterborne disease? 1. Cryptosporidium parvum 2. Flavivirus 3. Plasmodium spp. 4. Borrelia burgdorferi Cryptosporidium parvum The objective of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and its equivalent at the State level is to: 1. Subject a proposed major project or action to a comprehensive environmental review study 2. Ensure that an important industrial project or action is constructed 3. Ensure that the environment is protected at all cost 4. Achieve sustainable development while relieving communities concerns Subject a proposed major project or action to a comprehensive environmental review study An investigator measures a continuous variable on four independent groups of people and would like to know whether the means of each group differ. Which statistical method should the investigator use to answer this question? 1. Logistic regression 2. Cox regression 3. Chi-square test of association 4. Analysis of variance Analysis of variance The "Greenhouse Gas" of primary concern in global warming is: 1. Chlorofluorocarbons 2. Carbon monoxide 3. Sulfur dioxide 4. Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide In the planning process, the group being served is referred to as the: 1. Pilot population 2. Key informants 3. General population 4. Priority population Priority population An understaffed city health department submits an annual budget to it's city leadership; including a request for an additional 6.0 FTE positions. This budget includes the funding request but no accompanying narrative and was submitted despite the City Manager's request for each department to avoid any funding increases in their requests. When asked about this, the department responds by: 1. Submitting another budget with no new positions. 2. Asking another department to decrease their budget by 6.0 FTE positions. 3. Provide information to justify the increased number of positions. 4. Reaching out to the media to gain citizen support for the new positions. Provide information to justify the increased number of positions. The primary disadvantage of incremental program budgeting is: 1. It makes comparison from one year to the next difficult 2. It requires the justification of all dollars allocated 3. It requires far more time and effort than zero-based budgeting (ZBB) 4. It may not reflect the current programmatic priorities of the organization It may not reflect the current programmatic priorities of the organization Can federal environmental laws allow States to make parallel environmental laws? 1. Yes, if more stringent than federal standards 2. Yes, if less stringent than federal standards 3. Yes, if no less stringent than federal standards 4. No, states may not make their own environmental laws where federal laws exist Yes, if no less stringent than federal standards Public health agencies should be aware of how to communicate the role of public health with external stakeholders. What is the role of public health agencies when communicating with external stakeholders? 1. To promote the agency and engage in advocacy 2. To promote favorable legislation 3. To provide STI tests and keep the public safe 4. To provide vaccinations To promote the agency and engage in advocacy Under which circumstance would there be no ethical violation for an officer or employee of a governmental regulatory agency to accept food or beverage paid for by others? 1. Any meal, at any time, can be accepted from anyone except when an actual regulatory transaction is taking place. 2. Breakfast or dinner alone at his or her hotel provided in lieu of an honorarium for speaking at an industry-sponsored event. 3. Lunch provided on-site by an organization to everyone involved during day-long inspections of their operational facilities. 4. Meals or social events provided to all registrants at a regional conference attended as a registrant at an agency approved event Meals or social events provided to all registrants at a regional conference attended as a registrant at an agency approved event By what programmatic mechanism does the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) work with states to implement national environmental standards such as NAAQS? 1. By creating a memorandum of understanding focusing on cost-sharing of environmental burdens 2. By establishing air quality monitoring stations 3. By using a State Implementation Plan (SIP) approved by the EPA 4. By funding risk assessment studies that provide a basis for the NAAQS for any criterion pollutant By using a State Implementation Plan (SIP) approved by the EPA The logic model that has been the dominant paradigm representing types of information that may be collected to draw inferences about quality of care provided by a healthcare system has been: 1. Donabedian's model 2. Shewart's PDCA 3. Theory of Change 4. Web of Causation Donabedian's model When conducting a research study, which of the following is an unique requirement when the study involves human subjects? 1. Securing enough funding for the project 2. Reporting only the data that strengthens support of the hypothesis 3. Ensuring that all participants receive an incentive upon completion of data collection 4. Obtaining a waiver or an approval from an Institutional Review Board prior to the start of the study Obtaining a waiver or an approval from an Institutional Review Board prior to the start of the study Which of the following is an expected benefit of consolidating independent hospitals and provider groups into an integrated health care system? 1. Economies of scale in production 2. Lower costs of integration 3. Ease of accommodating diverse organizational cultures 4. Immediate gains in administrative efficiency Economies of scale in production An appropriately tailored intervention message most importantly should: 1. Take into account characteristics of the target population 2. Be designed through community organizational strategies 3. Meet the criteria established by the funding agency 4. Be designed and tested by colleagues and experts in the field Take into account characteristics of the target population Public health actions frequently involve a balancing of individual rights vs. the good of the community. Where that balance is struck based on: 1. Explicit direction found in the Nations constitution 2. Societal values 3. Science 4. Deontological principles 2. societal values A clinical experiment with four treatment groups was analyzed using an ANOVA and a significant difference in the population means is found. Which of the following is a natural next step? 1. Tukey's or a similar method of pairwise comparison 2. Conduct multiple t tests 3. Conduct multiple chi-square tests 4. Power analysis 1. Tukey's or a similar method of pairwise comparison The difference between primary and secondary prevention of disease is: 1. Primary prevention focuses on control of causal factors, while secondary prevention focuses on control of symptoms 2. Primary prevention focuses on control of acute disease, while secondary prevention focuses on control of chronic disease 3. Primary prevention focuses on control of causal factors, while secondary prevention focuses on early detection and treatment of disease 4. Primary prevention focuses on increasing resistance to disease, while secondary prevention focuses on decreasing exposure to disease 3. Primary prevention focuses on control of causal factors, while secondary prevention focuses on early detection and treatment of disease Activists criticized America's public health policy response during initial years of its AIDS epidemic on the grounds that: 1. Absence of universal health care insurance prevented victims from accessing expensive treatment 2. Government indifference and political infighting resulted in apathy toward a suffering gay community. 3. Too much money was being spent on treatment, not enough on prevention to stop the epidemic. 4. Too much resource was being spent on urging people to change risk behaviors, not enough on medication. 2. Government indifference and political infighting resulted in apathy toward a suffering gay community. An incremental approach to program planning in public health: 1. Uses multiple sources and methods to collect similar information 2. Provides an intensive, detailed description and analysis of a single project 3. Produces a plan where the specification of every step depends upon the results of previous steps 4. Results in plans that may be immediately necessary but may overlap or leave gaps 4. Results in plans that may be immediately necessary but may overlap or leave gaps Criteria pollutants of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) include: 1. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 2. Particulate matter and ozone 3. Mercury compounds 4. Carbon dioxide and methane 2. Particulate matter and ozone To inform a policy decision so that an intervention will result in the largest possible number of persons benefitted, which of the following statistics provides the most useful indication of the magnitude of exposure to a factor and subsequent development of disease? 1. Likelihood ratio 2. Absolute risk difference 3. Relative risk ratio 4. Prevalence rate 2. Absolute risk difference The best example of community engagement and empowerment refers to which of the following? 1. Teaching community members how to best communicate with providers 2. Conducting health needs and assets assessment with communities and sharing the information 3. Teaching self-determination to community members 4. Reciprocal transfer of knowledge and skills among all collaborators and community partners 4. Reciprocal transfer of knowledge and skills among all collaborators and community partners A supervisor asks three staff members to work together on developing and implementing a community health needs assessment. The supervisor has requested the final needs assessment to be completed in three weeks and after two and a half weeks, only two of the staff members have completed their sections. What would be the best way for the supervisor to give constructive feedback to the staff member who has not completed their assignment? 1. Point out all the issues they have had with this staff member's performance to-date. 2. Prepare by developing a "feedback sandwich" approach with two reinforcing statements surrounding a corrective statement. 3. Give feedback to the staff member as the supervisor catches them on their way into the office. 4. Hold the entire team accountable in group meeting. 2. Prepare by developing a "feedback sandwich" approach with two reinforcing statements surrounding a corrective statement. Waterborne diseases can result from fecal contamination. Which of the following would be classified as a waterborne disease? 1. Cryptosporidium parvum 2. Flavivirus 3. Plasmodium spp. 4. Borrelia burgdorferi 1. Cryptosporidium parvum To evaluate public health performance, we consider capacity, process, and outcomes. Which of the following represents an example of an "outcome?" 1. An increase in the types of vaccines offered to protect against common childhood diseases 2. Decrease in number of children age 0-2 with vaccine preventable disease 3. Routine health care 4. Increase in number of patients seen in the mobile immunization van 2. Decrease in number of children age 0-2 with vaccine preventable disease Using a qualitative evaluation method would be most useful in which of the following scenarios? The researcher is: 1. primarily concerned with the generalizability of the results. 2. interested in capturing the context of program participation and the participants' stories. 3. concerned with ease of analysis and interpretation of data 4. comparing outcomes for a group participating in a program to the outcomes for a similar group not receiving the program 2. interested in capturing the context of program participation and the participants' stories. In a population of 5,000 people, 100 ate spinach contaminated with E. coli (O157:H7) and became ill. Of the ill, 15 died. What was the case fatality rate? 1. 20 per 1,000 2. 3 per 1,000 3. 150 per 1,000 4. 15 per 1,000 3. 150 per 1,000 15/100 = 0.15 X 1000 = 150/1000 persons. Which term is used to characterize the movement addressing the social condition of unequal distribution of environmental hazards experienced by minority populations or groups with low income? 1. Environmental equity 2. Environmental justice 3. Environmental pollution 4. Environmental democracy 2. Environmental justice A collaborative approach to research that equitably involves all partners in the research process and recognizes the strengths that each brings. For example, these partners could include community members, organizational representatives, and researchers. Please identify which of the following options best describes this type of research. 1. Ecological Study 2. Community Based Participatory Research 3. Theory of Reasoned Action 4. Randomized Community Trial 2. Community Based Participatory Research Which of the following factors is the least essential requirement for effective public health emergency preparedness? 1. Identifying surge capacity in the public health infrastructure 2. Developing channels for real-time interagency communication 3. Training key decision-makers and first responders for coordinated action 4. Developing and testing emergency preparedness plans on a monthly basis 4. Developing and testing emergency preparedness plans on a monthly basis As identified in the seminal 1988 Institute of Medicine report on the future of public health, which of the following is not one of the three core functions of the roles and responsibilities of public health agencies? 1. Assessment 2. Financial performance management 3. Policy development 4. Assurance 2. Financial performance management Cryptosporidium can become a problem in municipal water supplies because it: 1. Bioaccumulates in fish 2. Can survive the chlorine treatment process 3. Can infect the lungs when water is vaporized, such as in a shower 4. Can bore directly through the skin 2. Can survive the chlorine treatment process When a person is healthy, without signs or symptoms of disease, illness, or injury, the level of prevention most appropriate would be: 1. Primary prevention 2. Secondary prevention 3. Tertiary prevention 4. Quaternary prevention 1. Primary prevention To work effectively, a public health specialist should be able to meet the social, cultural and linguistic needs of individuals within the community. This is termed cultural: 1. awareness 2. competence 3. feasibility 4. measures 2. competence Which of the following statements is not associated with the current paradigm of quality management? 1. Sanctioning individuals for mistakes is the most appropriate method for ensuring effective quality of care 2. The appropriate locus for ensuring quality is at the system level 3. Process improvement is essential to ensuring quality of care 4. Employee satisfaction and patient satisfaction are closely linked 1. Sanctioning individuals for mistakes is the most appropriate method for ensuring effective quality of care An outbreak of pneumonia has occurred at a resort and it is determined that Legionella is the organism that is responsible. To find the source of the bacteria, one of the highest priorities would be to check: 1. food handlers for infected cuts and sores 2. for dead animals on the property 3. resort water supply and storage 4. employees who have come to work with influenza 3. resort water supply and storage To report on a program to local officials about the degree to which the program meets its ultimate goal and provides evidence for use in policy and funding decisions, what is needed? 1. Feasibility study 2. Cost analysis study 3. Process evaluation 4. Impact evaluation 4. Impact evaluation Waiting until a program or intervention is complete to begin evaluation activities misses important and valuable opportunities for what type of evaluation? 1. Outcome and impact evaluation 2. Summative evaluation 3. Process evaluation 4. Participant evaluation 3. Process evaluation The first step in the policy process typically is: 1. Undertake Consultation 2. Problem definition 3. Policy analysis 4. develop options and proposals 2. Problem definition The U.S. Supreme Court interpreted the 10th amendment to the U.S. Constitution to give the states 'police powers' to pursue public health initiatives that protect general welfare, however differences in such initiatives persist across the states because: 1. Police powers prohibit states from defining standards of care and required the federal government to do so 2. Standards of care are implied by police powers but implementation is left to the states 3. Police powers permit each state the right to define and delegate authority and responsibility for public health services 4. States use police powers to fund public health services only through property taxes, and these vary from state to state 3. Police powers permit each state the right to define and delegate authority and responsibility for public health services National Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans suggest adults need to participate in at least 150 minutes per week in moderate intensity physical activity for substantial health benefits. A study was designed to test whether there is the difference in mean time (in minutes) spent in moderate intensity physical activity in adults with no, mild, moderate and severe depression. Time spent in moderate intensity physical activity is a continuous measure which can be assessed using an accelerometer. Which among the following is the most appropriate statistical technique to test the difference in time spent in moderate intensity physical activity between adults with no, mild, moderate and severe depression? 1. Spearman correlation 2. ANOVA 3. t-test 4. chi-square test 2. ANOVA Facilitation takes work and in a meeting of multiple stakeholders it becomes important for the facilitator to prioritize his or her role. Above all the facilitator should: 1. Be neutral 2. Focus on the content 3. Take notes 4. Listen to the active speakers 1. Be neutral The most important reason for reduced mortality during the initial stage of a demographic/epidemiologic transition in a population is: 1. Increased use of antibiotics 2. Improved sanitation 3. Increased immunization 4. Screening for commo n infectious diseases 2. Improved sanitation [Show Less]
- Exam
- $10.45
- 0
- 163
CPH Exam Questions and Answers 100% Correct
It is well recognized that one of the easiest ways to increase statistical power is to increase the sample size. Which of the following could also be used ... [Show More] to increase power in a study. Reduce error through using appropriate methods **Power is primarily influenced by two things, sample size and variability. Power increases as sample size increases or variability decreases. Variability includes two parts, true variability and error varibility. We collected 100 samples of size thirty of household income in Arkansas with population mean, mu=50 (in thousands). the sample mean, X and sample standard deviation, s, were recorded and the 95% confidence interval for mu was taken for each sample. Given the 100 confidence intervals, how many do you expect to cover the population mean mu=50? 95 **A 95% confidence interval implies that were the estimation process repeated again and again, the 95% of the calculated intervals would be expected to contain the true parameter value mu=50. Randominzation, stratified analysis, and matching minimize confounding Which of the following about the stage of change from the Transtheoretical Model is true Action refers to behavior change for less than 6 months The best time to prepare an evaluation plan for a health intervention program is: During the program planning period **An evaluation perspective when applied during planning can assure that the program intervention is specific enough to support rigorous evaluation A major obstacle to risk communication effectiveness is that most risks are derived from uncertainty, complexity, and incompleteness of environmental data. Which of the following are additional obstacles to risk communication? The distrust felt by the general public due to disagreements among experts; lack of coordination among risk management organizations; inadequate training of experts and spokespersons in risk communication skills Jacobson v massachusetts brought to light that there are difficult tradeoffs between public and private interets awhich can extend to many areas of public health concern. What prominent and still current public health issue was the basis of this debate. Compulsory vaccination The national consensus public health strategy of the government, public health organizations and citizens is known as: Healthy People Which of the following intervention messages is most likely to have an impact on behavior? Based on health education theory and tailored to the target audience Which of the following is not a method for controlling confounding by demographic variable like age in epidemiologic studies? Blinding Which of the following questions should one ask to determine whether programs are evidence-based interventions? What interventions have been scientifically proven to promote good health behaviors? A limitation to using hospital discharge data to assess community health problems is: Data are only available for sicker people who are admitted to a hospital. A group of high school teachers are concerned about the increased level of aggressive behavior they are observing on school grounds and decide to take action by trying and evaluating an intervention based upon a new untested idea. Which of the folliwing tools might be the most useful in designing the intervention program and the evaluation? A logic model that describes program resources, activities, and outcomes Motivational Interviewing is Often times used to assist individuals in overcoming ambivalence about changing a risk behavior **MI is a directive, client centered counseling style or technique for eliciting behavior change by helping individuals to explore and resolve their ambivalence toward the behavior. Which of the following probability distributions is used to model very rare events? Poisson Which of the following statements is true with respect to power Power is the capacity of person A to influence person B to do something that person B would not otherwise choose to do The standard error (SE) of a sample statistic is The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic Stidoes A, B, C show similar results. One limitation of a meta-analysis of these three studies is the failure to: display differences between trials The value of accreditation by national accrediting bodies is to: improve performance by creating a structure to allow organizations to assess their capacity and improve health outcomes The statement that most accurately reflects the primary intent of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act when enacted in 1996 is Provide better acess to health insurance, reduce administrative costs, and protect the privacy of health information According to the theory if reasoned action (TRA), the most important determinant of behavior is a person's behavioral intention Case Control Study Collection of exposure histories from a group of persons with a specific disease and from a comparison group to determine the relative frequency of an exposure under study In a study to determine the incidence of a chronic disease, 150 people were examined at the end of a three-year period, and 12 cases were found, giving a cumulative risk of 8%. In addition, 50 other members of the initial cohort could not be examined; 20 of these 50 could not be examined because they died. Which source of bias may have affected the study? Survival bias A new screening test for Disease A was tested in 200 people. 40 out of 45 people with Disease A tested posiitve on the test. 145 out of 155 people without the disease tested negaitve. What is the positive predictive value of the new test? 40/50=.80 PPV=a/a+b A tobacco user has contemplated quitting smoking. He is aware that smoking is a problem for him and wants to quit in the future. If the tobacco user is moving along the Stages of Change, you can assume his next action will be Skipping a few cigarettes The two most important environmental justice components that affect exposure to environmental health and injury risks are: Race and income A local health department has begun to evaluate the way it provides services to the community. After completing a stratefic plan and reorgaizing its programs, the LHD starts to restructure programs offered to the community, based ont he objectives in the Ottawa Charter. What is the correct approach for the LHD to utilize in its pursuit of a healthy community? Facilitate programming with organizations which have both helath and non-health related policies Which of the following is likely to be the singlem most effective method of communicating helath education to middle aged men in an African-American community characterized by lower socioeconomic status? Community health workers in barbershops, convienence stores, and takeout food businesses Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of hte helath care marketplace? Providers often face abarriers to entry To specify individual susceptibilities, researchers have developed various biomarkers. Which of the following biomarkers could be ethically questionable? The determination of the genotype can lead to unequal treatment of individuals with the "wrong" genotype Which of the following represents a method of precenting adult mosquitoes from developing Using larvicides, such a Bacillus sphaeius or Methoprene The t-distribution approaches what distribution as its degress of freedom increases Standard normal distribution The process of reducing risks and alleviating disease to promote, preserve, and restore health and minimize suffering and distress is Disease prevention The lengths of stay for six patients were 0,0,1,2,2 and 16 days. Which are the best measure to summarize these data? Median and range An epidemiologist attempts to predict the weight of an elderly person from demispan. She randomly chooses 70 elderly subjects in a particular geographic area and records their weight and the demispan measurements in the form of (x i, y i) for i=1,..., 70 Given that the value of the Pearson correlation coefficient is zero, what can be deduced? There could be some nonlinear relationship between weight and demispan **Pearson coorelation only looks at linear relationships. The zero value means that there is no limnear relation but there could be a nonlinear one. Which of the following statistical tests is not considered a nonparametric test? Turkeys test A reasearcher is designing a new questionnaire to examine patient stress levels on a scale of 0-5. What type of outcome variable is being collected? Ordinal I f the chances for a second event to occur say the same, regardless of the outcome of a first event, the the two events are: independent In simple linear regression, what is a method of determining the slope and intercept of the best-fitting line? Least squares In a group of individuals, the probability of characteristic C is 0.4, and the probability of charateristic D is 0.2. The probability of their intersection is .10. Which of the following states is correct? Characteristics C and D are not independent If all of the numbers in a list increase by 2, then the standard deviation is: Unchanged The sensitivity of a particular screening test for a disease is 95%, and the specificity is 90%. Which of the following statements is most correct? Of 100 people sampled from a population with the disease, the test will correctly detect 95 individuals as positive for the disease Which is the most correct statement about a scatterplot? It is used to investigate the relationship between two continuous variables The cnetral limit theorem states that The sample mean is approximately normal Assume that a researcher has measured weight in a sample of 100 overweight adults before and after a diet and exercise program conducted at the locall health department's weekly Eat Healthy-Be Fit community program. To determine whether the mean weight decreased six weeks after the exercise program compared to the initial baseline measures, the researcher should Conduct a t-test for dependent samples Now assume that the researcher has meausre weight in a sample of 200 overweight adults who have been randomized to receive either the diet and exercise program. All subjects are weighed at baseline and again six weeks later. Choosing from the following analysis options, which is the most appropriate way to determine whether the diet program had an impact on weight loss? Conduct an analysis of covariance using the weight at six weeks as the dependent variable, the diet and exercise program versus control group as the independent variable, and the baseline weight as a covariance Select the most correct statement concerning relative risk and odds ratios A relative risk of 10 has the same strength of association as a relative risk of 0.1 **A risk ratio measures the increased risk for developing a disease after being exxposed to a risk factor compared to not being exposed to the risk factor. It is given by RR=risk for the exposed/risk for the unexposed, and it is often referred to as the relative risk, which is a proportion A type I error is defined as The probability of rejecting the null hyptohesis when the null hypothesis is ture Assume that a linear regression analysis is performed. Which of the following results would justify a different method of analysis for the data? The r 2=.001 Which of the following statements expresses the basic logic of financial accounting Assests=liability + equity Sensitivity and specificity of a screening test refer to its Validity When evaluating an ongoing program to increase the number of childhood vaccinations in a local community, which type of measure should be used to gather feedback on the satisfaction with collaborative partnerships? Process **Process measures feedback on how well you are performing a process designed to impact the outcome Under the toxic substances control act, the most important way that toxic substances are controlled to limit human and environmental exposure is by Requiring chemical inventory, chemical testing and reporting and pre manufacturing notice Which of the following componenets of a strategic planning process in a public health agency has logical priority over the others Reviewing and revising the vision and mission statements for the agency In the box and whisker plot, what does the middle bar in each box represent? The median What data analysis method would be used to determine if there was a significant difference in the group means? Analysis of variance Which of the following estimates of an odds ratio most strongly suggests a computational error? -0.9 A ratio of probabilities can bever be negative What are the four elements of a systems framework as applied to health care delivery inputs, structure, processes, outputs Which of the following parameters are used to assess proper municipal wasterwater treatments five-day biochemical oxygen demand What intrinsic parameters is a researcher converned with when evaluating the microbial count in a food sample? Nutrient content Waiting until a program or intervention is complete to begin evaluation activities misses important and valuable opportunities for what type of evaluation? Process evaluation What are the five major incident command management functions? Command, Operations, Planning, Logistics, Finance and Administration Incident Command sets incident objectives, strategies and priorities and has overall responsibility Operations develops tactical objectives, conducts tactical operations to carry out the plan and directs all tactical resources Planning prepares Incident Action Plan to meet incident objectives, collects and evaluates information, and maintains both resource status and incident documentation Logistics provides support, resources and all services to meet operational objectives Finance/Administration monitors costs, provides accounting, procurement, time recording, and cost analyses Which of the following is not a characteristic of the organization as an open system? Predictable and determinate outcomes A study is conducted to evaluate the relationship between relaxation techniques and having depressive symptoms. 120 participants are identified to be using a relaxation technique or not using a relaxation technique. Participants are categorized as having or not having symptoms or depression. Which of the following is the most appropriate method to evaluate the association between using relaxation techniques and having depressive symptoms in this population? Chi square test of independence or relationship Which of the following population groups is the most susceptible to severe health effects of methylmercury exposure A fetus in the mother's womb The SWOT matrix as a strategic planning tool is usefule in identifying External threats and opportunities faced by the organization Which of the following statements best characterizes research findings about trait-based approaches to leadership theory? No one set of traits has been established as necessary and sufficient for effective leadership behavior A public health worker has moved to Sudan to designing a malaria prevention program for a rural village. Which of the following is an appropriate first step in planning the intervention? Contact community leaders to gain their buy-in and support for the program A requirement of public health laws established by city or county boards is that they be approved by referndum Rate data such as the number of events occurring in a specified period of time are often described by which probability distribution? Poisson distribution The number of independent events needed for selecting the appropriate probability model is specified by the number of degrees of freedom A combination of procedures, methods and tools by which a policy program or projects may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population and the distribution of those effects iwthin the population is called a Health impact assessment We are asked to obtain a 95% confidence interval for the population mean of the following six observations: 10, 9, 14, 11, 17, and 15. If we assume the sample comes from a normal population the appropriate distribution used in constructing the confidence interval is t distribution In a dose response assessment which of the following represents the highest exposure level at which there is no biologically significant increase in the frequency or severity of adverse effects between the exposed population and the control? No-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) An individual thinks starting an exercise program and becoming physically active will be uncomfortable, expensive and time-consuming. What term from the Health Belief Model best categorized his/her thoughts? Perceived barriers Ordinal order matters but not the difference between values (little, some, alot, excurciating nominal no order (hair color, sex) Interval temperature, order matters, no absolute zero ratio order matters, absolute zero Which of the following statement about the PRECEDE-PROCEED model is true? Social assessment involves asking the community what it wants and needs to improve community health and quality of life When performing simple linear regression, a two-tailed test of the population slope (B>1) is usually performed in order to determine whether there is sufficient eveidence to infer that a linear relationship exists. The null hypothesis for this test is stated as which of the following? H0: B1=0 Researchers would like to investigate the natural histopry of a very rare childhood cancer. Which study design is the most appropriate for this study? Case-control study There is not always clear scientific proof about human helath effects from exposures to environmental pollutants. The responsibility to intervene and protect the public from potential harmful exposures is known as The precautionary principle Community health workers can be most useful in which of the following health promotion activities Enhancing the cultural relevance of health promotion programs If an individual were in the contemplation stage of change for using condoms consistenly, what principle of behavior change should be emphasized? Countering of the person's negative opinions about the behavior If two events are mutually exclusive, to determine the probability that one or the other happened: Add their individual probabilities According to the health belief model, the likelihood of a woman participating in regular pap testing depends on several factors, including her perceptions of her susceptibility to vervical cancer and her perceptions of barriers to cervical cancer screening Which data analysis method should be used to compare the means? An independent t test with 28 degrees of freedom **Comparing two means from different or independent groups is done with the t test with n1+n2-2 degrees of freedom Which of the folloiwing statements best explains the claim that "any policy is what it becomes through implementation Policies evolve in response to the political pressures and the sociocultureal and economic constraints that affect execution of the policy mandate Which of the following is the least desirable outime of a negotiation to resolve conflict? Compromising the core values and beliefs of one or both parties Which of the following describes the key constructs of Social Cognitive Theory Reinforcement refers to responses to an individual's behavior that increase or decrease the chances of recurrence Which of the following numbers is not a possible value for Pearson's correlation coefficient? 1.2 Which of the following factors is thought to have the smallest impact on the health of the U.S. population medical care factors A, B, and C can each individually cause a certain disease without the other two factors, but only when followed by exposure to factor X. Exposure to factor X alone is not followed by the disease, but the disease never occurs in the absence of exposure to factor X. Factor A is... Neither necessary nor sufficient The bell shaped adoption curve in the diffusion of innovations theory indicates that : Waves of individuals use a new idea or product Specificity D/D+B Which of the following poses the largest threat of lead exposure to children? Lead based paint and lead-contaminated dust in older buildings Some physicians may examine women who use oral contraceptives more often or more thoroughly than women who do not. If so, and if an association is observed between phlebitits and oral contraceptive use, the association may be due to: Surveillance bias A health department is beginning a quality improvement project and has decided to follow the PDCA cycle. PDCA stamnds for: Plan, Do, Check, Art The three primary interrelated goals of national health policy are to: Achieve an optimal balance among access to, and the cost and quality of, health care Which one of the following is true regarding the utilization of medical resources It is influenced by unmet need Which of the following leadership strategies is likely to be most effective for the project director of a university research team in designing and implementing an evaluation study of the long-term effects of an intervention to prevent high-risk sexual behavior in a lower SES community? Invite community leaders to work collaboratively to plan, develop, and implement the research study/intervention According to the Institue of Medicine (IOM), medical errors are primarily attributable to: Faulty organizatoinal system The fundamental framework that describes public health activities is called: Essential public health services Which of the following scenerios represents a population-based public health intervention A chamber of Commerce program that encourages local businesses to participate in a city-wide workplace exervise program the use of mammography to detect cancer is an example of Secondary prevention When a statistical procedure is not sensitive to departures from the conditions and assumptions on which it is based, the procedure is said to be? Robust Most states have laws that make it a crime to possess or distribute neddles, and many have laws that require a prescription to buy a needle or syringe. Consequently, injection drug users (IDUs) often do not carry syringes for fear of police harassment or arrest. To address this issue, the Connecticut legislature passed a partial repeal of needle prescription and drug paraphernalia lws. This action resulted in dramatic reductions in needle sharing as well as increases in IDU pharmacy puchases of syrnges. This type of intervention is referred to as Structural intervention As an employee of the county health department, you are asked to assess the health needs of adolescents who reside in the county and are between the ages of 14 and 19. you must first conduct a needs assessment. what should be the goal of your needs assessment? 1Collect and analyze data to determine the health needs of the population Which of the following activities is not essential in developing effective public helath/community partnerships? Taking quick action to resolve the problem Which of the following is an element of helath risk assessment Quantifying how much of a pollutatnt people are exposed to over a specific time period When assessing the performance of a regional hospital system comprising a service area of several counties, which indicator is most appropriate for assessing resource availability Hospital beds pre 1,000 popualtion A health educator at a local health department has implemented and evaluated an evidenced-based program. The health educator did not achieve the same outcomes as those obtained by the developers of the original program at another local health department. Which of the following is a plausible reason for this result? The implementation of the evidenced-based program was not true to the design of the original program the mission of which federal entity is to ensure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by provdiding training, outreach, education, and assistance Occuaptional Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Which of the following is one of the ten basic requiremtns for good care? Completeness We are asked to obtain a 95% confidence interval for the population mean of the following sex observations: 10, 9, 14, 11, 17 and 15. If the interval is too wide, what should we do to make the interval narrower Increase the sampel size A chi-square goodness of fit test is always conducted as which of the following: An upper tailed test What pitafall usually occurs early in a strategic planning process? Confusion between long range planning versus strategic planning Which statement best describes the P-value The probability of obtaining the observed data or data that are more extreme if the null hypothesis were true Given a point estimator, its standard deviation is called Standard error [Show Less]
- Exam
- $13.45
- 0
- 106
Purchase the bundle to get the full access instantly
- 3 Million+ Study Documents
- 100% Money Back Guarantee
- Immediate Download Access
Add To Cart
Reviews 0
Bundle Details
$55.45
- Trusted by 800,000+ Students
- 24/7 Money Back Guarantee
- Download is directly available
155
0
Seller Details
