CALT Exam Questions with correct Answers
Adolph Kussmaul (1877) - ANSWER-"word blindness"
Dr. Rudolph Berlin (1887) - ANSWER-Came up with the word
... [Show More] "Dyslexia'
James Hinschelwood (1897) - ANSWER-reported cases of "congenital wordblindness", called on schools to screen and treat it
Dr. W. Pringle Morgan (1896) - ANSWER-Wrote 1st medical journal on word blindness
Grace Fernald (1920s) - ANSWER-Developed the VAKT Method (Fernald Method)
Samuel T. Orton (1925) - ANSWER-Neurologist, associated dyslexia as a "language disorder", Coined the term "strephosymbolia" (twisted symbols)
Anna Gillingham (1930s) - ANSWER-Developed multisensory teaching with Orton, Trained 50 teachers with Sally Childs
Aylett Cox - ANSWER-Developed Alphabetic Phonics at Scottish Rite Hospital, Worked with Sally Childs
Drs. Sally and Bennett Shaywitz - ANSWER-Watched the brain read using fMRI, Tracked the prevalence of Dyslexia and whether is was a developmental lag vs. persists over time
Chomsky - ANSWER-Said children are pre-wired to learn oral language but reading and writing are acquired
Isabelle Liberman - ANSWER-Phonological Processes
NIH Prior to 1980 dyslexia definition - ANSWER-Exclusionary- when you couldn't figure out the problem it must be dyslexia
Dyslexia Definition - ANSWER-Deficit of phonological component of language
IQ discrepancy - ANSWER-Research shows this to be an invalid model (IQ decided based on a reading test, unfair for children with dyslexia)
Specific Learning Disability - ANSWER-Disorder with language, may make it difficult to thing, listen, speak, read, write, do math, etc.
ADD/ADHD Historically - ANSWER-minimal brain dysfunction
ADD/ADHD Comorbity - ANSWER-30-50%
Twin Studies - ANSWER-Concordance rate 70% in identical pairs, 48% in fraternal
Purpose of Assessment - ANSWER-Identify issues, Determine progress, Determine placement or exit from therapy
Assessment - ANSWER-The collection of information to make decisions about learning and instruction
Diagnostic Test - ANSWER-A test to determine more specifically the exact nature a student, or students', learning problems. It con help the teacher identify ways to better assist the the students.
Informal Test - ANSWER-A test that is not standardized, can see if students need further screening or different instruction
Formal Test - ANSWER-Standardized test, uses specific procedures
Norm Referenced Test - ANSWER-Compare a students performance with their peers
Criterion Referenced Test - ANSWER-Performance is measured by how well student has mastered the standard, show knowledge attained and knowledge that needs to be acquired
Curriculum Referenced Test - ANSWER-Variation of Criterion, Questions based on what is taught in the classroom
CTOPP-2 - ANSWER-Measures- phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming
GORT-5 - ANSWER-Fluency
PPVT-4 - ANSWER-Receptive Vocabulary-Picture Test
Formative Data Collection - ANSWER-Gather information about a child's progress in certain skills of knowledge, short term instructional goals, criterion/curriculum referenced test
Summative Data Collection - ANSWER-Gathers information about a child's accumulation and integration of knowledge, long term, norm-referenced test
Profile - ANSWER-Graphic Representation of Scores
Standard Scores - ANSWER-Represent deviation from mean in age group
Standard Deviation - ANSWER-15
Grade Equivalent Score - ANSWER-Compare performance on grade level material against average performance of students at other grade levels
Age Equivalent Score - ANSWER-age at which a given raw score is average, not precise for reporting
ADD/ADHD Tests - ANSWER-Conners and Vanderbilt
Phonology - ANSWER-The study of language sounds and sound patterns
Phoneme - ANSWER-Smallest unit of sound
Morphology - ANSWER-Study of meaningful units of language and word formation
Morpheme - ANSWER-Smallest meaningful unit of language
Semantics - ANSWER-Meaning of words and how they are used
Syntax - ANSWER-Structure of language, grammar
Pragmatics - ANSWER-Rules for communicating effectively in social situations
Top Down Theory - ANSWER-Whole language, analytic
Kenneth and Yetta Goodman and Frank Smith - ANSWER-Whole lanugauge, guessing game
Bottom Up Theory - ANSWER-Synthetic, part to whole
Farnham-Diggory Model - ANSWER-1st order (deciphering and enciphering) taught with 2nd order skills (comprehension and writing)
interactive theory - ANSWER-- reading and writing are interactive processes of meaning making
- focuses on comprehension and construct meaning (reader-based and text-based)
- Processes happen at the same time
Jeanne Chall - ANSWER-6 Stages of Reading
Stage 0- pre reading - ANSWER-Age 0-6, "pseudoreading"
Stage 1- Initial Reading and Decoding - ANSWER-Age 6-7, grasp alphabetic principal, can decoding high frequency and phonetically regular words
Stage 2- Confirmation and Fluency - ANSWER-Age 7-8, Read simple stories, gain fluency
Stage 3- Reading to Learn - ANSWER-Age 9-14, Reading used to learn new ideas
Stage 4- Multiple Viewpoints - ANSWER-Reading complex materials, critical analysis
Stage 5- Constructive - ANSWER-Adulthood, Reading for your own personal/professional needs
Linnea Ehri - ANSWER-Ehir's Phases of Word Recognition Development, sight/automaticity is key to skilled reading
SOAR - ANSWER-(See Our Accurate Reading)
1. Sit up Straight
2. Tilt the book
3. Prepare (code and read silently)
4. Read Aloud
5. Check (accuracy and comprehension)
Louisa Moats - ANSWER-Stages of writing
Suprasegmental - ANSWER-melody of speech: intonation, stress, loudness, pitch level, speaking rate
phonological processing - ANSWER-Umbrella term, includes rhyme, alliteration and rhyme, partial phoneme segmentation and full phoneme segmentation
phonological awareness - ANSWER-Progression: sentence segmentation, words, syllables, onset rhyme, phonemes(this is phonemic awareness)
DOES NOT involve print
phonemeic awareness - ANSWER-Able to hear, identify and manipulate phonemes
Vowel Chart - ANSWER-Moves from smile to most open to most closed
Coarticulation - ANSWER-Adjacent sounds are spoken so that one changes or modifies the other- ng and nk (ank, ing)
Independent Level Text - ANSWER-1 in 20 words is difficult (95%)
Instructional Level - ANSWER-1 in 10 words is difficult (90%)
Frustration Level - ANSWER-More than 1 in 10 words is difficult (under 90%)-will not help fluency
Miscue Analysis - ANSWER-studying the mistakes a student makes to learn more about their reading
Scarborough's Rope - ANSWER-Language Comp (Background, Vocab, Language structure, Verbal reasoning, literacy knowledge) and Word Recognition (phonological awareness, decoding, sight recognition)
Accent - ANSWER-Stress put on word or part of a word (one or more words in a phrase or sentence)
Factors that influence the sounds represented by grapheme (ASAP) - ANSWER-Accent, # of Syllables, Adjacent Letters (situations) and Position (IMF)
1066 - ANSWER-Great Vowel Shift- Middle English
Anglo-Saxon - ANSWER-Function Words
Base Word - ANSWER-Free/unbound morepheme
Root - ANSWER-Bound Morpheme-cannot stand alone
Chameleon Prefixes - ANSWER-Change the last letter of prefix to make the word easier to say-euphony
in, im, il, ir - ANSWER-normal- in, Before BMP - in, Before l-il, before r- ir
con, col, cor, com - ANSWER-normal-con, before BMP-com, Before l-col, Before r-cor
Doubling prefix - ANSWER-If you do not hear another sound after a closed prefix double the final letter of the prefix (illogical, arrange, correct)
Descriptive Grammar - ANSWER-regular pattern of speaking, dialect
Prescriptive Grammar - ANSWER-Rules upheld by writers and editors
Compound Sentence - ANSWER-A sentence with two of more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (, optional)
Complex Sentence - ANSWER-one or more dependent clauses attached to and independent clause
Compound Complex Sentence - ANSWER-Contains two independent clauses and a dependent clause
Sentence Combining - ANSWER-Effective way to teach grammar, combine short declarative sentences
Comprehension - ANSWER-Begins with listening comp
Narrative Text - ANSWER-Story-theme, setting, characters, plot
Expository Text - ANSWER-Description, Sequence, Compare and contrast, cause and effect, problem and solution
Narrative Nonfiction - ANSWER-factual information presented in a format which tells a story, could be personal [Show Less]