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CALT Test – Terms Questions and Answers 2023
Strephosymbolia - ANSWER-means twisted symbols. The first term Orton used for dyslexia. phonetics - ANSWER-the study of speech sounds in spoken language... [Show More] phonological awareness - ANSWER-the ability to focus on units of sound in spoken language at the sentence, word, syllable and phoneme levels phonemic awareness - ANSWER-awareness of speech sounds or phonemes in spoken words phonics - ANSWER-instruction that connects sounds and letters synthetic phonics - ANSWER-explicitly teaches individual grapheme-phoneme correspondences before they are blended to form syllables or whole words alphabetic principle - ANSWER-the understanding that spoken sounds are represented in print by written letters phonology - ANSWER-the rules that determine how sounds are used in spoken language fluency - ANSWER-reading with rapidity and automaticity prosody - ANSWER-the rhythmic flow of oral reading pragmatics - ANSWER-set of rules that dictate communicative behavior and use of language, rules we communicate by syntax - ANSWER-sentence structure, grammar, usage semantics - ANSWER-content of language, used to express knowledge of the world around us - meaning phoneme - ANSWER-smallest unit of sound in a syllable spelling - ANSWER-sound to symbol / phoneme to grapheme, connect grapheme to phoneme orthography - ANSWER-the spelling of written language orthographic memory - ANSWER-memory of letter patterns and word spellings metalinguistics - ANSWER-awareness of language as an entity guided discovery - ANSWER-a method of leading students to new learning through questioning Heuristic - ANSWER-Enable a person to learn for themselves grapheme - ANSWER-a letter or letter cluster that represents a single speech sound decoding - ANSWER-word recognition in which the phonetic code is broken down to determine a word blending - ANSWER-fusing individual sounds, syllables or words into meaningful units reading - ANSWER-symbol to sound / grapheme to phoneme morpheme - ANSWER-the smallest meaningful unit of language - a suffix, prefix, root or stem such as awe, dis, in, inter, or word part such as cat, man. etc. Knowledge of word meaning, rapid word recognition, and spelling ability greatly depend on knowledge of word structure at the level of morphemes. morphology - ANSWER-the study of word formation patterns, meaningful units that make words fricative - ANSWER-a sound produced by forcing air through a narrow opening between the teeth or lips / f / / sh / / z / aspiration - ANSWER-puff of air Rapid letter naming - ANSWER-key to automatic word recognition decoding and encoding - ANSWER-refer to applying the skills of analytic and synthetic learning decoding - ANSWER-recognition of the visual symbol, symbol/sound correspondence, and blending sounds into a words McGuffey Readers - ANSWER-Formal reading instruction was based on "phonics" used at the beginning of the 20th Century Dick & Jane ( "Look/Say" Method ) - ANSWER-Thought that children would make more rapid progress reading if they identified whole words at a glance. Used from 1930s - 1960s. Digraph - ANSWER-two letters that come together to make one sound Trigraph - ANSWER-three letters that come together to make one sound Quadrigraph - ANSWER-four letters that come together to make one sound Diphthong - ANSWER-two vowels sounds blended togther in the same syllable Combinations - ANSWER-two letters than come together to make an unexpected sound Base word - ANSWER-plain old English word Root - ANSWER-a word without affixes or endings Affix - ANSWER-a letter or letters added to the beginning or ending of a baseword or root that creates a derivative with a meaning or grammatical form that is different than the baseword or root Suffix - ANSWER-a letter or group of letters added to the end of a base word to change the meaning or usage Prefix - ANSWER-letter or group of letters added to the beignning of a base word to change the meaning pseudowords - ANSWER-nonsense words that are phonetically regular Grade equivalent scores - ANSWER-not a dependable representation of progress The Conner's Rating Scales - ANSWER-used to measure Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder acuity - ANSWER-keenness of thought or vision (zero in on it and see what's going on) active listening - ANSWER-giving one's full attention to the speaker and making eye contact with him or her structured instruction - ANSWER-instruction that follows ordered procedures direct instruction - ANSWER-instruction in which concepts are explicitly taught diagnostic teaching - ANSWER-teaching that is informed by a continual assessment of student needs prescriptive teaching - ANSWER-individualized teaching based on needs systematic and cumulative instruction - ANSWER-teaching with a logical order of introduction of concepts that progress from easiest to more difficult explicit instruction - ANSWER-direct, purposeful instruction VAKT - ANSWER-Visual , Auditory, Kinesthetic/ Tactile (Grace Fernald) Top-Down Theory - ANSWER-led by Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith **strong meaning-based position **Goodman calls reading a "psycholinguistic guessing game" **rather than read every word, good readers select out on the essential textual information **only focus on individual words/sounds when text does not make sense, and the reader needs to go back and reread **this is Whole Language characteristic Bottom-Up Theory - ANSWER-emphasis on the subprocesses of the reading act and its contention that many of these subprocesses, such as letter and word identification, must become automatic in order for readers to be fluent. (Alphabetic Phonics) Interactive Theory - ANSWER-readers simultaneously initiate word identification and predict meaning----these are reciprocal events analytical approach - ANSWER-whole to part (Top-Down) put the whole word on the board/discover what's the same, how it can be broken down into component parts synthetic approach - ANSWER-part (letters) to whole words (bottom up) Socratic technique - ANSWER-Using carefully planned questions, the student is led to discover the new concept linguistics-based beginning reading approach - ANSWER-Learning to recognize word families (bat, cat, hat, ) To teach syllable division, Mr. Smart first taught his students to recognize closed or (VC) syllables. He then showed the class words such as napkin, impact, and mascot and discussed accent. Later, he demonstrated how the words could be divided into two syllables. Finally he gave the students syllables and asked them to construct words. - ANSWER-synthetic and analytic instruction Controlled reading and spelling vocabulary are characteristics of - ANSWER-decodable text, linguistic programs, an MSL program Repeating prior information in a multisensory structured language program is essential to ensure what - ANSWER-automaticity Scientifically based research - ANSWER-is replicated and longitudinal Free morpheme - ANSWER-can stand alone as words and do not have to be combined with other morphemes. Free morpheme: function words - ANSWER-prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, articles Free morpheme: content words - ANSWER-nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs Free morpheme: compounds - ANSWER-generally composed of Anglo-Saxon words, combinations of two free morphemes Bound morphemes - ANSWER-work as meaningful units only in combination with other morphemes (suffixes, bound roots [Latin], and prefixes). Inflections - ANSWER-bound morphemes that show possession, gender, or number (noun - s, a, es); tense, voice, or mood (verb - ed, en, could have been); and comparison (adjective - er, est). Derivational suffixes - ANSWER-morphemes, added to roots or bases to form new words that usually change the grammatical category of a word. Greek-derived morphemes - ANSWER-not necessarily assigned specific roles as prefixes, suffixes, or roots and may combine with other bound morphemes of equal importance in flexible order. Derivational complexity - ANSWER-characterizes the number and type of changes that have been made int he base word or root when it is combined with other morphemes. Types of phonological change are: syllable regrouping, vowel alternation, consonant alternation, and stress alternation. Developmental auditory imperception - ANSWER-disorder related to dyslexia dysphasia - ANSWER-disorder related to dyslexia Specific developmental dyslexia - ANSWER-disorder related to dyslexia developmental dysgraphia - ANSWER-disorder related to dyslexia developmental spelling disability - ANSWER-disorder related to dyslexia Ability - ANSWER-test designed to measure either general intelligence or mental apptitude in a particular area. Accent - ANSWER-stress on one syllable in a word or on one or more words in a phrase or sentence. It is spoken louder, longer, and/or in a higher tone. The mouth opens wider while saying it. Accommodation - ANSWER-provide different ways for kids to take in information or communicate their knowledge. Changes do not alter or lower the standards or expectations of a subject or test. Accuracy - ANSWER-The number of words a student can read correctly in a given period of time. Attention - ANSWER-selctive focus on what is important while screening out distractions Auditory Learners - ANSWER-participate in classroom discussions, make speeches/presentations, use tape recordings for lectures, read text out loud, create musical jingles, create mnemonics to aid memorization, discuss ideas verbally Auditory Processing - ANSWER-Given normal hearing, the ability to understand spoken language in a meaningful way Battery - ANSWER-a group of several tests standardized on the same sample population so that results on the several tests are comparable Cognition - ANSWER-Ability to think, reason, and solve problems. Skills are usually measured by an individual test of intelligence. Requires being able to generalize from past experience and use that knowledge to respond to new situations. Cognitive Assessment - ANSWER-The process of systematically gathering test scores and related data in order to make a judgment about an individual's ability to perform various mental activities involved in the processing, acquisition, retention, conceptualization, and organization of sensory, perceptual, verbal, spatial and psychomotor information. Components of Reading Instruction - ANSWER-Phonemic Awareness, Phonics, Vocabulary Development, Reading Fluency including oral reading skills, and reading comprehension strategies Composite Score - ANSWER-A score that combines several scores according to a speficied formula. Comprehension - ANSWER-Making sense of what we read. It is dependent on good word recognition, fluency, vocabulary, wordly knowledge,and language ability Consonant - ANSWER-One of a class of speech sounds in which sounds moving through the vocal tract is constricted or pbstructed by the lips, tongue or teeth during articulation Derivative - ANSWER-A word made from a base word by the addition of one or more affixes Diagnostic teaching - ANSWER-individualized teaching based on continual assessment of student's needs. Content should be mastered to the level of automaticity Diagnostic test - ANSWER-test used to identify the nature and source of an individual's educational, psychological, or medical difficulties or disabilities in order to facilitate correction or remediation. Dyslexia - ANSWER-a specific learning disability that is neurological in origin, characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. These difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonological component of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision or effective classroom instruction. Secondary consequences may include problems in reading comprehension and reduced reading experience that can impede the growth of vocabulary. Expressive language - ANSWER-the ability to organize thoughts and express them verbally to convey meaning to others Fluency - ANSWER-the ability to translate print to speech with rapidity and automaticity that allows the reader to focus on meaning Great Vowel Shift - ANSWER-major change in pronunciation of the English language that took place between 1350 and 1500. Spelling was becoming standardized in the 15th and 16th centuries - this is responsible for many of the peculiarities of English spelling Greek layer of language - ANSWER-scientific terminology - roots often combine forms and compound to form new words discovery learning-socratic - ANSWER-socratic method - leads learners to the discover information through carefully guided questioning based on information they already possess. Going from the known to the unknown -analytic discovery words - ANSWER-A group of related words used during guided discovery teaching to help students perceive a principal pattern or feature. Example: "this is Sound discovery time." echolalia - ANSWER-stage of speech development were babies repeat our echo words or phrases encoding - ANSWER-going from a sound to a symbol (k)= k, c//ck,k,ke,c equivocal - ANSWER-can be read for spelled more than one way , c = k or s unequivocal - ANSWER-can be spelled or read only one way, t = t expository writing - ANSWER-writing that explains or informs, it includes persuasive or descriptive writing and comparing contrast finger point reading - ANSWER-how pre-readers read -cat in the hat -a million times formal test - ANSWER-standardized test using a carefully selected sample of people. like SAT, a CT, Stanford, gort, staar formative data collection - ANSWER-gathering information about a child's progress, usually collected using criterion and curriculum referenced test, example how Johnny writes in his journal IDEA - ANSWER-originally passed in 1975 and amended in 1990 and 1997 helps fund special education and other services to help fund sped services to qualified children from birth to age 21 protects a child's right to FAPE in the LRE. informal test - ANSWER-structured but not standardized, can be modified to probe a students response in ways that are not permissible with standardized tests. example I R I linguistics - ANSWER-study of the production, properties, structure, meaning, and or use of language word families - S EE, SEE-sequential English education - ANSWER-developed by Charles shed in the 70s, revised in the 90s by Joyce Pickering it has to do with Word families.-A linguistic therapy alphabetic phonics - ANSWER-MTA, orton gillingham -bottom-up- Association - ANSWER-comes from the Debard school use with deaf children severely language delayed metacognitive strategies - ANSWER-strategies used to think about what you are reading and factors that influence thinking morphology - ANSWER-The study of Word formation patterns norm-referenced test - ANSWER-example Gort - test of performance in relation to that of the norm group used in standardizing the test orthographic memory - ANSWER-memory of letter patterns and word spellings. orthography - ANSWER-spelling rules - the writing system of a language Orton gillingham approach - ANSWER-Multi sensory method of teaching language related academic skills that focus on the structure and use of sounds, syllables, words, sentences an written discourse. Instruction is explicit, systematic, cumulative, direct, and sequential. pragmatics - ANSWER-The practical application of language. vowel prefix - ANSWER-contra/anti- changes meaning suffix - ANSWER-changes form or usage qualitative research - ANSWER-research that involves observing individuals and settings and relies on observation and description of events in the immediate context quantitative research - ANSWER-research using experimental or quasi experimental design methods together data - may or may not have a control group quasi experimental research - ANSWER-research that determines cause-and-effect without strict randomized controlled trials example AZT testing with AIDS semantics - ANSWER-The meaning of words and the relationships among words,example, phones, synonyms, antonyms strephosymbolia- specific reading disability - ANSWER-coined Dr. Orton- means twisted symbols, original term for dyslexia syllable division - ANSWER-both analytic top down and synthetic bottom up Word blindness - ANSWER-now referred to as acquired alexia resulting from diminution of reading resulting from brain trauma, tumor or a stroke The term dyslexia - ANSWER-term introduced in 1887 by the German ophthalmologist Berlinto describe a special group of patients who experienced great difficulty in reading because of cerebral disease an acquired condition, like the aphasias. 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CALT Exam 2023 Questions and Answers
Orton-Gillingham Approach - ANSWER-instruction that is multisensory, sequential, incremental, cumulative, individualized, phonics-based, and explicit. C... [Show More] TOPP (Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing) - ANSWER-assesses phonological awareness, phonological memory and rapid naming. TOWRE2- test of word reading efficiency - ANSWER-- ages 6-24- measures sight-word efficiency (ability to pronounce printed words), phonetic-decoding efficiency (ability to pronounce phonemically regular non-words), DIBELS (Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills) - ANSWER-a set of procedures and measures for assessing the acquisition of early literacy skills. They are designed to be short (one minute) fluency measures used to regularly monitor the development of early literacy and early reading skills. Brigance - ANSWER-a series of 12 assessments, including language development, science and math proficiencies and gross motor skills. AimsWeb - ANSWER-a benchmark and progress monitoring system based on direct, frequent. and continuous student assessment using brief, accurate measures of reading, math, spelling, and writing. Tier 1 Vocabulary - ANSWER-Basic words-- rarely require direct instruction and do not typically have multiple meanings. Tier 2 Vocabulary - ANSWER-Vocabulary words that occur across a variety of domains and are important for direct instruction.High Frequency/ Multiple Meaning Vocabulary. Tier 3 Vocabulary - ANSWER-Vocabulary words that are specific to domains (i.e. jargon). Low Frequency/ Context Specific Vocabulary. Decoding - ANSWER-the process of translating print into speech by rapidly matching a letter or combination of letters (graphemes) to their sounds (phonemes) Encoding - ANSWER-the process of hearing a sound and being able to write a symbol to represent that sound. Segmenting - ANSWER-Separating the individual phonemes, or sounds, or syllables of a word into discrete units. Blending - ANSWER-combining individual phonemes to form words or combining onsets and rimes to make syllables, then combining syllables to make words. Deleting - ANSWER-manipulate spoken words by deleting specific phonemes. Multidimensional Fluency Scale - ANSWER-rubric (1-4) to rate reader fluency in the areas of accuracy, expression and volume, phrasing, smoothness, and pace. Sight Words - ANSWER-words children identify quickly, accurately, and effortlessly. Nonsense Words - ANSWER-words or parts of words which do not exist in the language you are using High Frequency Words - ANSWER-Words most often used in the English language Morpheme - ANSWER-in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) Grapheme - ANSWER-A written representation of a sound using one or more letters. Phoneme - ANSWER-the smallest unit of sound in speech Diphthong - ANSWER-The sound produced by combining two vowels in to a single syllable or running together the sounds. Macron - ANSWER-horizontal mark indicating that the vowel over which it is placed is long Breve - ANSWER-a curved mark used to indicate a short vowel or a short or unstressed syllable. Cross out - ANSWER-a line drawn through silent letters MSLE Instruction - ANSWER-explicit, direct, cumulative, intensive, and focused on the structure of language. Multisensory learning involves the use of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic-tactile pathways simultaneously to enhance memory and learning of written language. Diagnostic and prescriptive - ANSWER-teachers first diagnose their students' academic abilities and limitations, then prescribe an appropriate course of action to address areas of weakness. Oral Language Development - ANSWER- Written language skills - ANSWER- Metacognitive skills - ANSWER-knowledge of our own knowledge Signs of dyslexia - ANSWER-Trouble with rhyming, rote memorization, letter recognition, reading, decoding, encoding, associating sounds with letters, word retrieval, handwriting, spelling, foreign languages, speaking w/o placeholders, confusing similar words and letters, written expression, spoken vocabulary, spoken instructions. Automaticity - ANSWER-the ability to process information with little or no effort; the ability to look at words and read them aloud without thinking Oral Language Skills - ANSWER-the ability to produce accurate pronunciation, appropriate vocabulary, sophisticated syntax, and discourse structure Phonemic Awareness - ANSWER-the ability to notice, think about, and work with the individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words. This includes blending sounds into words, segmenting words into sounds, and deleting Phonological Awareness - ANSWER-the ability to recognize and manipulate the spoken parts of sentences and words. Examples include being able to identify words that rhyme, recognizing alliteration, segmenting a sentence into words, identifying the syllables in a word, and blending and segmenting onset-rimes. Letter and word recognition - ANSWER-reading based upon the immediate perception of what word a familiar grouping of letters represents; refers to the presumed mental storage, retrieval, and use of a person's sight words. Orthographic Awareness - ANSWER-The awareness of the visual representation of words and their conventional spelling; the ability to identify patterns of specific letters as words, eventually leading to word recognition. Morphology - ANSWER-the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language. Phonics - ANSWER-the sounds that letters make and the letters that are used to represent sounds Spelling Rules - ANSWER- Concept 76: u-e = /u/ - ANSWER- WJ-IV - ANSWER-Tests of Cognitive Abilities includes 18 tests for measuring general intellectual ability, broad and narrow cognitive abilities, academic domain-specific aptitudes, and related aspects of cognitive functioning. Onsets - ANSWER-he initial phonological unit of any single-syllable word or a syllable (e.g. c in cat) Rimes - ANSWER-the string of letters that follow, usually a vowel and final consonants (e.g. at in cat). Circumflex - ANSWER-a bent diacritical mark; used over a vowel to indicate the pronunciation, length or the omission of a letter formerly pronounced. Section 504 - ANSWER-A federal law that prohibits the denial of participation in, benefits of, or discrimination in any program or activity receiving federal financial [Show Less]
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CALT Exam Questions with correct Answers
CALT Exam Questions with correct Answers Adolph Kussmaul (1877) - ANSWER-"word blindness" Dr. Rudolph Berlin (1887) - ANSWER-Came up with the word "D... [Show More] yslexia' James Hinschelwood (1897) - ANSWER-reported cases of "congenital wordblindness", called on schools to screen and treat it Dr. W. Pringle Morgan (1896) - ANSWER-Wrote 1st medical journal on word blindness Grace Fernald (1920s) - ANSWER-Developed the VAKT Method (Fernald Method) Samuel T. Orton (1925) - ANSWER-Neurologist, associated dyslexia as a "language disorder", Coined the term "strephosymbolia" (twisted symbols) Anna Gillingham (1930s) - ANSWER-Developed multisensory teaching with Orton, Trained 50 teachers with Sally Childs Aylett Cox - ANSWER-Developed Alphabetic Phonics at Scottish Rite Hospital, Worked with Sally Childs Drs. Sally and Bennett Shaywitz - ANSWER-Watched the brain read using fMRI, Tracked the prevalence of Dyslexia and whether is was a developmental lag vs. persists over time Chomsky - ANSWER-Said children are pre-wired to learn oral language but reading and writing are acquired Isabelle Liberman - ANSWER-Phonological Processes NIH Prior to 1980 dyslexia definition - ANSWER-Exclusionary- when you couldn't figure out the problem it must be dyslexia Dyslexia Definition - ANSWER-Deficit of phonological component of language IQ discrepancy - ANSWER-Research shows this to be an invalid model (IQ decided based on a reading test, unfair for children with dyslexia) Specific Learning Disability - ANSWER-Disorder with language, may make it difficult to thing, listen, speak, read, write, do math, etc. ADD/ADHD Historically - ANSWER-minimal brain dysfunction ADD/ADHD Comorbity - ANSWER-30-50% Twin Studies - ANSWER-Concordance rate 70% in identical pairs, 48% in fraternal Purpose of Assessment - ANSWER-Identify issues, Determine progress, Determine placement or exit from therapy Assessment - ANSWER-The collection of information to make decisions about learning and instruction Diagnostic Test - ANSWER-A test to determine more specifically the exact nature a student, or students', learning problems. It con help the teacher identify ways to better assist the the students. Informal Test - ANSWER-A test that is not standardized, can see if students need further screening or different instruction Formal Test - ANSWER-Standardized test, uses specific procedures Norm Referenced Test - ANSWER-Compare a students performance with their peers Criterion Referenced Test - ANSWER-Performance is measured by how well student has mastered the standard, show knowledge attained and knowledge that needs to be acquired Curriculum Referenced Test - ANSWER-Variation of Criterion, Questions based on what is taught in the classroom CTOPP-2 - ANSWER-Measures- phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming GORT-5 - ANSWER-Fluency PPVT-4 - ANSWER-Receptive Vocabulary-Picture Test Formative Data Collection - ANSWER-Gather information about a child's progress in certain skills of knowledge, short term instructional goals, criterion/curriculum referenced test Summative Data Collection - ANSWER-Gathers information about a child's accumulation and integration of knowledge, long term, norm-referenced test Profile - ANSWER-Graphic Representation of Scores Standard Scores - ANSWER-Represent deviation from mean in age group Standard Deviation - ANSWER-15 Grade Equivalent Score - ANSWER-Compare performance on grade level material against average performance of students at other grade levels Age Equivalent Score - ANSWER-age at which a given raw score is average, not precise for reporting ADD/ADHD Tests - ANSWER-Conners and Vanderbilt Phonology - ANSWER-The study of language sounds and sound patterns Phoneme - ANSWER-Smallest unit of sound Morphology - ANSWER-Study of meaningful units of language and word formation Morpheme - ANSWER-Smallest meaningful unit of language Semantics - ANSWER-Meaning of words and how they are used Syntax - ANSWER-Structure of language, grammar Pragmatics - ANSWER-Rules for communicating effectively in social situations Top Down Theory - ANSWER-Whole language, analytic Kenneth and Yetta Goodman and Frank Smith - ANSWER-Whole lanugauge, guessing game Bottom Up Theory - ANSWER-Synthetic, part to whole Farnham-Diggory Model - ANSWER-1st order (deciphering and enciphering) taught with 2nd order skills (comprehension and writing) interactive theory - ANSWER-- reading and writing are interactive processes of meaning making - focuses on comprehension and construct meaning (reader-based and text-based) - Processes happen at the same time Jeanne Chall - ANSWER-6 Stages of Reading Stage 0- pre reading - ANSWER-Age 0-6, "pseudoreading" Stage 1- Initial Reading and Decoding - ANSWER-Age 6-7, grasp alphabetic principal, can decoding high frequency and phonetically regular words Stage 2- Confirmation and Fluency - ANSWER-Age 7-8, Read simple stories, gain fluency Stage 3- Reading to Learn - ANSWER-Age 9-14, Reading used to learn new ideas Stage 4- Multiple Viewpoints - ANSWER-Reading complex materials, critical analysis Stage 5- Constructive - ANSWER-Adulthood, Reading for your own personal/professional needs Linnea Ehri - ANSWER-Ehir's Phases of Word Recognition Development, sight/automaticity is key to skilled reading SOAR - ANSWER-(See Our Accurate Reading) 1. Sit up Straight 2. Tilt the book 3. Prepare (code and read silently) 4. Read Aloud 5. Check (accuracy and comprehension) Louisa Moats - ANSWER-Stages of writing Suprasegmental - ANSWER-melody of speech: intonation, stress, loudness, pitch level, speaking rate phonological processing - ANSWER-Umbrella term, includes rhyme, alliteration and rhyme, partial phoneme segmentation and full phoneme segmentation phonological awareness - ANSWER-Progression: sentence segmentation, words, syllables, onset rhyme, phonemes(this is phonemic awareness) DOES NOT involve print phonemeic awareness - ANSWER-Able to hear, identify and manipulate phonemes Vowel Chart - ANSWER-Moves from smile to most open to most closed Coarticulation - ANSWER-Adjacent sounds are spoken so that one changes or modifies the other- ng and nk (ank, ing) Independent Level Text - ANSWER-1 in 20 words is difficult (95%) Instructional Level - ANSWER-1 in 10 words is difficult (90%) Frustration Level - ANSWER-More than 1 in 10 words is difficult (under 90%)-will not help fluency Miscue Analysis - ANSWER-studying the mistakes a student makes to learn more about their reading Scarborough's Rope - ANSWER-Language Comp (Background, Vocab, Language structure, Verbal reasoning, literacy knowledge) and Word Recognition (phonological awareness, decoding, sight recognition) Accent - ANSWER-Stress put on word or part of a word (one or more words in a phrase or sentence) Factors that influence the sounds represented by grapheme (ASAP) - ANSWER-Accent, # of Syllables, Adjacent Letters (situations) and Position (IMF) 1066 - ANSWER-Great Vowel Shift- Middle English Anglo-Saxon - ANSWER-Function Words Base Word - ANSWER-Free/unbound morepheme Root - ANSWER-Bound Morpheme-cannot stand alone Chameleon Prefixes - ANSWER-Change the last letter of prefix to make the word easier to say-euphony in, im, il, ir - ANSWER-normal- in, Before BMP - in, Before l-il, before r- ir con, col, cor, com - ANSWER-normal-con, before BMP-com, Before l-col, Before r-cor Doubling prefix - ANSWER-If you do not hear another sound after a closed prefix double the final letter of the prefix (illogical, arrange, correct) Descriptive Grammar - ANSWER-regular pattern of speaking, dialect Prescriptive Grammar - ANSWER-Rules upheld by writers and editors Compound Sentence - ANSWER-A sentence with two of more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (, optional) Complex Sentence - ANSWER-one or more dependent clauses attached to and independent clause Compound Complex Sentence - ANSWER-Contains two independent clauses and a dependent clause Sentence Combining - ANSWER-Effective way to teach grammar, combine short declarative sentences Comprehension - ANSWER-Begins with listening comp Narrative Text - ANSWER-Story-theme, setting, characters, plot Expository Text - ANSWER-Description, Sequence, Compare and contrast, cause and effect, problem and solution Narrative Nonfiction - ANSWER-factual information presented in a format which tells a story, could be personal [Show Less]
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CALT Exam Prep with complete solutions
Strephosymbolia - ANSWER-means twisted symbols. The first term Orton used for dyslexia. phonetics - ANSWER-the study of speech sounds in spoken language... [Show More] phonological awareness - ANSWER-the ability to focus on units of sound in spoken language at the sentence, word, syllable and phoneme levels phonemic awareness - ANSWER-awareness of speech sounds or phonemes in spoken words phonics - ANSWER-instruction that connects sounds and letters synthetic phonics - ANSWER-explicitly teaches individual grapheme-phoneme correspondences before they are blended to form syllables or whole words alphabetic principle - ANSWER-the understanding that spoken sounds are represented in print by written letters consonant - ANSWER-blocked / voiced or unvoiced sounds - a class of speech sounds with air flow that is constricted or obstructed vowel - ANSWER-open and voiced sounds - a class of open speech sounds produced by the passage of air through an open vocal tract phonology - ANSWER-the rules that determine how sounds are used in spoken language fluency - ANSWER-reading with rapidity and automaticity prosody - ANSWER-the rhythmic flow of oral reading pragmatics - ANSWER-set of rules that dictate communicative behavior and use of language, rules we communicate by syntax - ANSWER-sentence structure, grammar, usage semantics - ANSWER-content of language, used to express knowledge of the world around us - meaning phoneme - ANSWER-smallest unit of sound in a syllable spelling - ANSWER-sound to symbol / phoneme to grapheme, connect grapheme to phoneme orthography - ANSWER-the spelling of written language orthographic memory - ANSWER-memory of letter patterns and word spellings metalinguistics - ANSWER-awareness of language as an entity guided discovery - ANSWER-a method of leading students to new learning through questioning Heuristic - ANSWER-means to discover by demonstration grapheme - ANSWER-a letter or letter cluster that represents a single speech sound decoding - ANSWER-word recognition in which the phonetic code is broken down to determine a word blending - ANSWER-fusing individual sounds, syllables or words into meaningful units reading - ANSWER-symbol to sound / grapheme to phoneme morpheme - ANSWER-the smallest meaningful unit of language - a suffix, prefix, root or stem such as awe, dis, in, inter, or word part such as cat, man. etc. Knowledge of word meaning, rapid word recognition, and spelling ability greatly depend on knowledge of word structure at the level of morphemes. morphology - ANSWER-the study of word formation patterns, meaningful units that make words fricative - ANSWER-a sound produced by forcing air through a narrow opening between the teeth or lips / f / / sh / / z / nasal sound - ANSWER-a sound produced by forcing air out through th nose / n / / m / continuant sound - ANSWER-a sound prolonged in its production / m / / s / / f / stop consonant sound - ANSWER-a sound obstructed / they must be clipped off / b / / d / aspiration - ANSWER-puff of air Norman Invasion - ANSWER-1066 A.D., had a great effect on English language, William the Conqueror, French spoken by upper class brought words like furniture, painter, tailor, beef, pork, mutton, Brought monks who added w and u, also the dot for the i and tail for the j. Alphabet complete at 26 letters Number words one to a thousand - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Most of the basic color words - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon The names of farm, forest and ocean animals - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Outer body parts - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Short, common everyday words: the, run, and, play, work - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Words with gh: laugh, cough, right, high - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Words with ck: pick, duck, sack - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Words with k: king, kiss, kilt, hook - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Words with kn or gn in initial position: knee, knife, gnat, gnash - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Words with tw: twin, twilight, between - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Words with wr: write, wring, wrist - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Short words with ch pronounced /ch/ chest, cheap - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon One-syllable words with tch: witch, hatch, match - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon One-syllable words with dge: edge, ridge, hedge - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Short words with th: this, these, bath - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Words with wh: why, while, when - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Words with double consonants: better, ladder, carrot - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon One-syllable words that end in ff, ll ss Floss Words - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Words with ow: plow, snow, brow, blow - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Short words with silent letters: walk, should, thumb, listen - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Wild Old Words: mind, most, kind - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Most pronouns: he, she, us - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Most F. S. S. words handle, thimble, twinkle - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Words with hard g before e and i: gift, giddy, girl, begin - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Words with ng - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Long words, three or more syllables: marvelous, fascinate - ANSWER-Latin Words with ct: act, direct, conduct - ANSWER-Latin Words with pt: apt, erupt, attempt - ANSWER-Latin Words with ti pronounced /sh/ partial, nation - ANSWER-Latin Words with ci pronounced /sh/ special, precious - ANSWER-Latin Words with sion: erosion, collision - ANSWER-Latin Words with ssion: passion, expression - ANSWER-Latin Words with double consonants near the beginning illegal, attract, occupy - ANSWER-Latin Words with t pronounced /ch/: nature, punctual - ANSWER-Latin Words with d pronounced /j/ educate, graduate - ANSWER-Latin Words with silent initial h: hour, herb, honor - ANSWER-Latin Words with ular: regular, popular - ANSWER-Latin Words with j: joint, journal - ANSWER-Latin Words that are legal terms: justice, legal, judge - ANSWER-Latin Words with the soft c before e and i: cent, census, city - ANSWER-Latin Words with sc pronounced /s/: science, irascible, scissors - ANSWER-Latin Medical , technical and scientific words - ANSWER-Greek Words with ph: phrase, graph, phone - ANSWER-Greek Words with ch pronounced /k/: choir, ache, orchid - ANSWER-Greek Long words with the letter k: kilometer, kinescope - ANSWER-Greek Long words or short, unfamiliar words with th: thermos, athlete - ANSWER-Greek Words with medial y: cycle, gymnastics, thyme - ANSWER-Greek Words related to Olympics: marathon, discus, meter - ANSWER-Greek Words related to theater: comedy, tragedy, orchestra - ANSWER-Greek Words with rh: rhyme, rhombus - ANSWER-Greek Words with ology: biology, theology, astrology - ANSWER-Greek Words with silent initial p: pseudonym, psychology - ANSWER-Greek Rapid letter naming - ANSWER-key to automatic word recognition decoding and encoding - ANSWER-refer to applying the skills of analytic and synthetic learning recognition of the visual symbol, symbol/sound correspondence, and blending sounds into a words - ANSWER-decoding Effective handwriting instruction - ANSWER-includes teaching the correct [Show Less]
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ALTA Certification Exam Review 2023 Questions and Answers
Vowel - ANSWER-A class of open speech sounds produced by the easy passage of air through a relatively open vocal tract. A, E, I, O, U Consonant - ANSWER... [Show More] -One of a class of speech sounds in which sound moving through the vocal tract is constricted or obstructed by the lips, tongue or teeth during articulation. Accent - ANSWER-Stress or emphasis on one syllable in a word or on one or more words in a phrase or sentence. The accented part is spoken louder, longer, and/or in a higher tone. The speaker's mouth opens wider while saying an accented syllable. Syllable - ANSWER-a spoken or written unit that must have a vowel sound and that may include consonants that precede or follow that vowel. Syllables are units of sound made by one impulse of voice. Open Syllable - ANSWER-A syllable ending with a long vowel sound. (labor, freedom) Closed Syllable - ANSWER-A syllable ending with one or more consonants. The vowel is usually short. Base Word - ANSWER-A word to which affixes are added. A base word can stand alone. Derivative - ANSWER-A word made from a base word by the addition of one or more affixes Affix - ANSWER-A letter or a group of letters attached to the beginning or ending of a base word or root that creates a derivative with a meaning or grammatical form that is different that the base word or root. Prefix - ANSWER-An affix attached to the beginning of a word that changes the meaning of that word. Suffix - ANSWER-A morpheme attached to the end of a word that creates a word with a different form or use. Suffixes include inflected forms indicating tense, number, person and comparatives. Macron - ANSWER-The flat diacritical mark above a vowel in a send picture or phonic/dictionary notation that indicates a long sound. Breve - ANSWER-The curved diacritical mark above a vowel in a sound picture or phonic/dictionary symbol notation that indicates a short sound in a closed syllable in which at least one consonant comes after the vowel in the same syllable. Tilde - ANSWER-A diacritical marking. A wavy line placed over any vowel before r in a combination to indicate the unaccented pronunciation eg letter. The tildes used both in coding words and in a sound picture. When the pronunciation of any unaccented vowel-r combination is respelled in the dictionary sound picture, the symbol (er) is used Cedilla - ANSWER-The curved line placed beneath c to indicate its "soft" or (s) pronunciation, as opposed to its hard or (k) pronunciation. Students use the coding on c before the letters e, i, or y (the softeners), to remind themselves to pronounced the (s) sound eg mice. Digraph - ANSWER-Two adjacent letters repressing a single consonant sound Consonant Digraph - ANSWER-Two adjacent letters repressing a single consonant sound Vowel Digraph - ANSWER-To adjacent letters representing a single vowel sound Trigraph - ANSWER-Three adjacent letters which represent one speech sound (tch) Quadrigraph - ANSWER-Four adjacent letters representing one sound (eigh) Combination - ANSWER-A pattern of letters (found in a single syllable) which occurs frequently together. The pronunciation of at least one of the component parts is unexpected or the letters stand in an unexpected sequence ( ar, er, ir, or, us, qu, wh) Diphthong - ANSWER-Two vowels standing adjacent in the same syllable whose sounds blend smoothly together in one syllable. There are only four diphthongs in English. These are ou/out, ow/cow, oi/oil, oy, boy Grapheme - ANSWER-A significant unit of visual shape. We use the visual shape as to cover not only writing, but also any other shape perceived by the eye which is a visible representation of a unit of speech. A single graphic letter or letter cluster which represents a speech sound. Phoneme - ANSWER-A single functioning or signaling unit of our word patterns. The separate sound units of spoken words. Morpheme - ANSWER-A base word or meaningful unit in there terminology of structural linguistics. Orthography - ANSWER-The writing system of a language. Correct or standardized spelling according to established usage. Ability - ANSWER-An ability test is designed to measure either your general intelligence or your mental aptitude in a particular area. For example Achievement test - ANSWER-A standardized test designed to efficiently measure the amount of knowledge and/or skill a person has acquired, usually as a result of classroom instruction. Such testing produces a statistical profile used as a measurement to evaluate student learning in comparison with a standard or norm. Accommodation - ANSWER-Provide different ways for kids to take in information or communicate their knowledge back to you. The changes do not alter or lower the standards or expectations of a subject or a test. Age equivalent - ANSWER-A type of test score that is calculated based on the age that an average person earns a given score within the tested population. Criterion referenced tests - ANSWER-A test in which the results can be used to determine a student's progress toward mastery of a content area. performance is compared to an expected level of mastery in a content area rather that to other student's scores. Such tests usually include questions based on what the student was taught and a designed to measure the student's mastery of designates objectives of an instructional program. Curriculum referenced tests - ANSWER-Comprehensive end-of-year exams, reflecting the specific subject matter outlines in the curriculum. Diagnostic tests - ANSWER-Tests used to identify the nature and source of an individual's educational, psychological, or medical difficulties or disabilities in order to facilitate correction or remediation. Grade equivalents - ANSWER-A score that describes student performance in terms of the statistical performance of an average student at a given grade level. Ranges from K.0 to 12.9 Are not a dependable representation of progress Mastery level - ANSWER-A student with mastery can utilize the information successfully, but may struggle or need to call upon learning strategies to do so. Modification - ANSWER-Changes in curriculum, supplementary aides or equipment, and provision of specialized facilities that allow students to participate in educational environment to fullest extent possible. Norm-referenced tests - ANSWER-A test in which a student's performance is compared to that of a norm group. Often used to measure and compare students, schools, districts and states. Percentile/ percentile rank - ANSWER-The percentile score on, for example, a test is the score that represents the percent of other scores to or lower than is. If a student performs in the 85% of his or her class, it means the 85% of the other scores of students who also took the test are equal to or lower than his or her score. Profile - ANSWER-a graphic compilation of the performance of an individual on a series of assessments. Raw score - ANSWER-Scores expressed in their original form without statistical treatment, such as the number of correct answers on a test. Standard score - ANSWER-A way of describing, in standard deviation units, a raw score's distance from its distribution means. Standard deviation - ANSWER-Statistical measure of the degree of dispersion in distribution of scores. Measures spread of a set of data around mean of the data. The more widely the values are spread out, the larger the standard deviation. Standardized test - ANSWER-An objective test that is given and scored in a uniform manner. Scores are often norm-referenced. For example SAT Rate - ANSWER-The number of words which a reader can translate meaningfully in a given period of time Accuracy - ANSWER-The number of words a student can read correctly in a given period of time. Fluency - ANSWER-The ability to translate print to speech with rapidity and automaticity that allows the reader to focus on meaning. Comprehension - ANSWER-Making sense of what we read. Comprehension is dependent on good word recognition, fluency, vocabulary, worldly knowledge, and language ability. Sight Words - ANSWER-A word that is immediately recognized as a whole and does not require decoding to identify. A sight word may or may not be phonetically regular. Phonemic/ decodable words - ANSWER-Words that are able to be broken apart by the position of the vowels and consonants in order to pronounce. Whole Language - ANSWER-Reading can be learned as naturally as speaking, reading is focused on constructing meaning from texts using children's books rather than basal or controlled readers, reading is best learned in the context of the group, phonics is taught indirectly during integration of reading, writing, listening and speaking, teaching is child centered and emphasizes motivation and interest, instruction is offered not the basis of need. Phonics - ANSWER-Paired association between letters and letter sounds; an approach to teaching of reading and spelling that emphasizes sound-symbol relationships, especially in early instruction. Matthew Effect - ANSWER-A term coined by Stanovich to describe a phenomenon observed in findings of cumulative advantage for children who read well and have good vocabulary and cumulative disadvantage for those who have inadequate vocabularies and read less and thus have lower rates of achievement. The term is named after a passage from the New Testament: "For unto everyone that hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance: but for him that hath not shall be taken away even that which he hath." Frank Smith - ANSWER-Whole language. Founder of Whole language concept Kenneth and Yetta Goodman - ANSWER-Whole language, Drop Everythng and read, evaluation through miscues, founds of whole language Keith Stanovich - ANSWER-His research in the field of reading was fundamental to the emergence of today's scientific consensus about what reading is, how it works and what it does for the mind. Joe Torgesen - ANSWER-nationally known for research on both the prevention and remediation of reading difficulties in young children as well as work on assessment of phonological awareness and reading Alvin and Isabel Liberman - ANSWER-alphabetic principle" and its relationship to phonemic awareness and phonological awareness in reading Three Layers of Language - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Latin Greek Anglo-Saxon layer of language - ANSWER-Vocabulary stressed the events of daily life Common, everyday, down to earth words Most are one syllable words Latin layer of language - ANSWER-Words used in more formal settings Often found in literature, science, social studies in upper elem. texts. Longer than words of Anglo-Saxon Origin. Greek layer of language - ANSWER-Scientific terminology and often appear in science texts Greek roots are often combining forms and compound to form words. Multisensory - ANSWER-Any learning activity that includes 2 or more sensory modalities simultaneously to take in or express information. Great Vowel Shift - ANSWER-Was a major change in the pronunciation of the English language that took place in England between 1350 and 1500.[1] This was first studied by Otto Jespersen (1860-1943), a Danish linguist and Anglicist, who coined the term. Because English spelling was becoming standardised in the 15th and 16th centuries, this is responsible for many of the peculiarities of English spelling [Show Less]
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C.A.L.T Exam Study Guide latest updated
Alexia - ANSWER-The loss of the ability to read, as the result of a brain injury. Apasia - ANSWER-Impairs the ability to speak and understand others. ... [Show More] Articulation - ANSWER-The act or manner of producing sounds. Echolalia - ANSWER-Imitation of the mother's sounds, rhythm and tone. Hyperlexia - ANSWER-The superior ability to reads words without comprehension. Lexicon - ANSWER-An inventory of word knowledge, either spoken or written. EX: dictionary, encyclopedia Otitis Media - ANSWER-Inflammation of the middle ear that can lead to temporary conductive hearing loss or permanent hearing loss. Receptive Language Disorder - ANSWER-The inability to understand or comprehend language heard or read. Expressive Language Disorder - ANSWER-The inability to put thoughts into words or sentences in ways that make sense and is grammatically correct. Phonology - ANSWER-Smallest unit of sound. The sounds of letters. Ex: Cat=3 phonemes (c) (a) (t). Syntax - ANSWER-The grammar system of language. The way words are strung together. Ex: words and punctuation to form sentences, clauses or phrases. Semantics - ANSWER-Word meaning in language. Ex: final destination = last stop Discourse - ANSWER-Written or spoken communication or debate. Ex: Formal writing, a speech. Morphology - ANSWER-The smallest unit of language that convey meaning. Ex: Root words Pragmatics - ANSWER-Incapable of understanding the speakers intent (requests and tones) Ex: Can't you turn down the T.V.? = means no; not yes. Alphabetic Language - ANSWER-A language in which letters are used systematically to represent speech sounds. Alphabetic Principle - ANSWER-The use of letters and letter clusters to represent phonemes in an orthography. (spelling) Anglo Saxon - ANSWER-The language of the Germanic peoples (Angles, Saxons and Jutes) who settles in Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries. It was the dominant language in Britain until the Norman Conquest in 1066. Analytic Instruction - ANSWER-Instruction that separates the whole into its parts to reveal its relationships. (Whole to Part) (Top Down) (Concept driven) Analytic Phonics - ANSWER-Students hear the whole word and segment into phonemes or sounds in order to spell. (whole to part) Ex: Pit = (p) (i) (t) Antonyms - ANSWER-Words that are opposite in meaning. (semantics) Arbitrary Learning - ANSWER-New learning that has no logical connection to already acquired knowledge or practical relationships. Auditory - ANSWER-relating to or experienced through hearing. Visual Acuity - ANSWER-Sharpness of vision, measured by the ability to discern letters or numbers at a given distance according to a fixed standard. EX: 20/20 vision Bottom-up Process - ANSWER-Theoretical view of reading as a process that consists of accurate sequential reading of every word. Comprehension is viewed as text driven rather than concept driven. (Part to whole) (Start from the bottom) Concept Driven Process - ANSWER-Theoretical view of reading as a process that consists of using one's experiences and expectations to react to text. Also called top-down process. (Whole to part) Cooperative Learning - ANSWER-Instructional approach in which students work together rather than compete to solve a problem or complete a task.Ex: group work or PBL Corrective Feedback - ANSWER-Teacher responses during and following practice of a skill that is sensitive to a student's level and that guides him or her closer to mastery. Cumulative - ANSWER-Having a new learning that is based upon previously learned elements. Ex: Building knowledge as we go. Diagnostic Teaching - ANSWER-Teaching that uses observation and formal and informal assessments to measure student progress against expected performance standards. Systematic, guided diagnoses of academic barriers. (Prescriptive teaching) Direct Instruction - ANSWER-Instruction that is delivered without vagueness or ambiguity, leaving no question as to the meaning. (Explicit Instruction) Domains of Language - ANSWER-Language systems. Phonology, syntax, morphology and orthography are language systems that deal with the form of language. Semantics deals with content of lang. and pragmatics deals with the use of lang. Embedded Phonics - ANSWER-Phonological awareness and phonics taught implicitly through the reading of real words in text. (whole language) Etymology - ANSWER-The history of word origins and development. Euphony - ANSWER-Pleasing to the ear. Having a pleasing sound. Ex: illogical; not inlogical. (Chameleon Prefix) Explicit Instruction - ANSWER-Instruction delivered without vagueness or ambiguity, leaving no questions as to the meaning. (Direct Instruction) Fernald Method - ANSWER-Technique for learning words that involves the visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and tactile (VAKT) modalities. EX: The student looks at the word while saying and tracing it. Figurative Language - ANSWER-Language that avoids the use of the exact meaning of words and uses exaggeration, metaphors and embellishments. Greek - ANSWER-The language of the ancient Greeks whose morphemes form scientific terms. Guided Discovery - ANSWER-Manner of presenting new material or concepts so that they can be deduced or guided by the students. EX: self discovery, What do you notice? in pass, sass, tass Homographs - ANSWER-Words that have different meanings but share the same spelling. Pronunciations may be same or different. (duck, duck) (bow, bow) Homonyms - ANSWER-Words that have different meanings but share the same pronunciation. Spellings may be same or different. Ex: (lead, lead) (beet,beat)(sale, sail) Homophones - ANSWER-Words that have different meanings and spellings but share the same pronunciation. EX: (for, four) (to, two, too) Idioms - ANSWER-an expression having a meaning that cannot be derived from the meanings of the elements. EX: Take the bull by the horns does not mean what the words say. Implicit Instruction - ANSWER-Instruction that implies understanding without being expressed. Also known as inferential instruction. Latin - ANSWER-The language of the ancient Romans from which 60% of English words are derived. Linguistic - ANSWER-Denoting language processing and language structure. Linguistics - ANSWER-Study of the production, properties, structure, meaning and or use of language. Logographic Writing System - ANSWER-A system in which pictures represent the words of language (Chinese). If English were treated as a logographic writing system, it would contain over 600,000 pictures. EX: Pictures rather than sound. Metaphor - ANSWER-A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that means on thing is used, through implication, to mean something else. Ex: The ship plows the sea. Multiple Meanings - ANSWER-Different meanings for the same word. EX: homographs Polygot - ANSWER-A language that is derived from several languages. English is a polygot language, derived from Anglo Saxon, Latin and Greek languages. Prefix - ANSWER-A letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a base word to change its meaning. Rapid Automatized Naming - ANSWER-The rapid naming of a series of printed objects, colors, number or letters repeated over and over in random order. (RAN) Simile - ANSWER-An explicit comparison of two unlike things, usually with the word like or as. Ex: (as busy as a bee) Suffix - ANSWER-A letter or group of letters added to the end of a base word to change its meaning. Synonyms - ANSWER-Words with similar meanings. (semantics) Syntax - ANSWER-The system by which words may be ordered in phrases and sentences; sentence structure;grammar. Synthetic Instruction - ANSWER-Instruction or a process that begins with the parts and builds to the whole. (part to whole) (bottom-up) (text driven) Synthetic Phonics - ANSWER-Instruction that starts with individual letter sounds that are blended together to form a word. Ex: i=(i);t=(t);p=(p);n=(n) use the parts to form a word. (tip) (nip) (tin) (it) Encoding - ANSWER-Spelling Decoding - ANSWER-Reading Orthography - ANSWER-Correct spelling, correct writing for sound VAK - ANSWER-Visual, Auditory, Knesthetic Initial - ANSWER-First or beginning Medial - ANSWER-Everything between first and last. Final - ANSWER-Last or end Grapheme - ANSWER-Visual shape or representation of a single letter or letter cluster which represents a speech sound. Phoneme - ANSWER-Speech sound, separate sound units of spoken words. c=(c) a=(a) t=(t) Equivocal - ANSWER-Ambiguous, uncertain, a letter that represents more than one sound or a sound that is spelled more than one way. Ex: (k) k, c // ck, k, ke, c Unequivocal - ANSWER-Clear, not doubtful, a letter that represents only one sound or is spelled only one way. Ex: (h) only one sound Discovery Method of Teaching - ANSWER-Socratic teaching method of asking questions through guided discovery. Multisensory Learning - ANSWER-Using all learning modalities. (VAKT) Vowel - ANSWER-Open, voiced sound Consonant - ANSWER-Blocked or partially blocked sound that is either voiced or unvoiced. Base Word - ANSWER-Simplest form of an English word. Affix - ANSWER-Letter or group of letters added to the beginning or end of a base word to change its meaning or its use in the sentence. Auditory Memory - ANSWER-Ability to remember sounds in sequence. Cognitive - ANSWER-Pertaining to the act or fact of knowing Digraph - ANSWER-Two letter that come together to make one sound Combination - ANSWER-A pattern of letters that occur frequently together, the pronunciation of at least one of the letters is unexpected. Trigraph - ANSWER-Three adjacent letters that make one sound Diphthong - ANSWER-Two vowels standing adjacent in the same syllable whose sounds blend together in one syllable. Quadrigraph - ANSWER-Four letters that make one sound Dieresis - ANSWER-Two dots placed over the letter (a) to indicate its pronunciation, when the (a) stands before an (r) in the accented combination (star), after (w) (watch) and (qu) (squash), and to indicate the continental pronuciation (father) Derivative - ANSWER-A word made from another by adding a suffix or prefix Visual Memory - ANSWER-Ability to retain the visual image of a two-dimensional symbol Co-morbidity - ANSWER-The coexistence of related disorders Congential - ANSWER-Existing at or dating from birth Content Processor - ANSWER-One of four interactive processors that serve as a model for how the reading system works. Processes the construction of the content with input from the phonological, orthographic and meaning processors. Double Deficit - ANSWER-Deficit in phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming. Dyslexia - ANSWER-A specific learning disability that is neurobiological in origin and is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition, poor spelling and decoding abilities. Deficit in the phonological component of language. Learning Disabilities - ANSWER-A generic term that refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by significant difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning and mathematical abilities or social skills. Due to central nervous system dysfunction. Meaning Processor - ANSWER-Processes knowledge of word meanings. Neuroimaging - ANSWER-Diagnostic method of viewing brain structures and activity through the use of nuclear technology, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Neuropsychology - ANSWER-A science that integrates psychological observations of behavior and mind with the observations of the brain Orthographic Processor - ANSWER-Processes the perception of letter sequences Phonological Processing - ANSWER-Perception, interpretation, recall and production of language at the level of the speech sound system. Phonological Processor - ANSWER-Processes the mapping of letters to their spoken equivalents. Word Blindness - ANSWER-Term used in the late 19th and early 20th century for dyslexia. Hinchelwood coined the term. ADHD - ANSWER-Short attention span, hyperactive motor behavior, impulsive or poor impulse control, inattentive, does not finish things, fails to heed instructions, low frustration tolerance, difficulty completing tasks, restless, talks excessively, immature social behavior, fidget, etc. Dyscalculia - ANSWER-Failure to learn quantity concepts, number symbols and manipulation of number symbols. Dysgraphia - ANSWER-Difficulty in learning handwriting despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence, etc. and difficulty in putting thoughts on paper. Dysnomia - ANSWER-Difficulty in word finding. Ex: Can't find the word quick enough, whats that thing, that thing over there, that Dysphasia - ANSWER-Loss of ability to use or understand language due to a brain injury or disease. Motor System Disorder - ANSWER-Incoordination and clumsiness. Oral Language Disorder - ANSWER-Expressive language delay-expressing spoken language. Receptive language delay- delay in understanding spoken language. Accommodations - ANSWER-Changes within the general classroom to enable students to keep up with the education program, such as intensive instruction, reduced assignments, adapted test procedures, use of computers, calculators and tape recorders. Achievement Tests - ANSWER-A test of the student's academic achievement. Anecdotal Information - ANSWER-Information gathered related to observation of behavior or characteristics. Ex: scratching eyes, shaking hands Curriculum Referenced Tests - ANSWER-Test in which items are taken from the curriculum used in the child's classroom so that he or she is not tested on material that have not been taught. May be standardized or informal. Diagnosis - ANSWER-The act, process, or result of identifying the nature of a disorder or disability through observation and examination. Formal Testing - ANSWER-Tests that are standardized using a carefully selected sample of people representative of a larger group of people for whom the test was created. Must be administered and scored by measures prescribed in a manual Informal Testing - ANSWER-Tests that are structured but not standardized. Ex: classroom tests. They can be modified. Interdisciplinary Evaluation - ANSWER-A thorough evaluation conducted by a team of specialists to determine the exact learning needs of a student and to propose an appropriate educational plan. Modifications - ANSWER-A term used to refer to changes in how an alternate assessment is administered. Ex: 10 spelling words instead of 20. Norm Referenced Tests - ANSWER-Assessment of performance in relation to that of the norm group used in the standardization of the test. A standardized test that compares scores between a student and other children of the same age or grade level. Percentile Rank - ANSWER-How a student is achieving in comparison to the normative sample. Ex: Same for a child in CA as a child in NJ. Performance Assessment - ANSWER-an assessment that is used to demonstrate competency. Reliability - ANSWER-Consistency with which an assessment instrument measures information. Rubric - ANSWER-Details the criteria used for scoring. Running Record - ANSWER-Part of an informal reading assessment that identifies a student's error patterns and fluency Screening/Indicator - ANSWER-An assessment that is giving to identify students at risk for reading difficulties. EX: QPS Standard Deviation - ANSWER-The average variability of scores around the group mean. (bell curve) Standardized Tests - ANSWER-Tests that carefully selected samples of people representative of a larger group of people for whom the test was created. EX: STAAR (same words, same room, same time, same season,etc) Summative Assessment - ANSWER-An assessment that measures knowledge that has been gained. (Progress over the whole year or semester) Validity - ANSWER-A statistical accuracy of an assessment instrument when compared to another assessment instrument. Criterion Referenced Tests - ANSWER-Teacher made or assess a particular curriculum. Stanines - ANSWER-Provide a single-digit scoring system with a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 2. The scores are expressed as whole [Show Less]
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Calt Exam 2023 Questions with 100% correct Answers
alphabetic language - ANSWER-English; meaning symbols and letters reflect pronunciation of a sound; ESL students' first lang may not be alphabetic because ... [Show More] they use symbols; phonological knowledge must be taught, so alphabet needs to be taught Alphabetic Principle - ANSWER-an understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken words. Analytic Phonics - ANSWER-In this approach, instruction begins with the identification of a familiar word. The teacher then introduces a particular sound/spelling relationship within that familiar word Synthetic Phonics - ANSWER-In this systematic and explicit approach, students learn to transform letters and letter combinations into sounds and then the sounds together to form recognizable words. Teach individual parts and build to whole auditory discrimination - ANSWER-The ability to hear differences in sounds auditory span - ANSWER-the number of words, numbers, or sounds a student can hold in his working memory. Can limit dictation or note taking. blend - ANSWER-two or more sounds that are frequently grouped together- each sound can be separated into its individual components cedilla - ANSWER-a diacritical mark (,) placed below the letter c to indicate that it is pronounced as an s circumflex - ANSWER-the code marked placed over vowels to indicate an unusual pronunciation compensatory approach - ANSWER-one does not attempt to remediate the problem but instead recommends modifications within the learning environment which allows the student to be successful Cloze Procedure - ANSWER-The use of semantic and syntactic clues to aid in completing sentences."Fill in the blank" Coding - ANSWER-putting code marks on words- encourages kinesthetic involvement and discourages guessing combination - ANSWER-a pattern of letters which occurs frequently together. They form an unexpected sound (vr's, qu, wh) comorbid - ANSWER-two or more disorders in the same individual consonant - ANSWER-sounds that are blocked or partially blocked by the tongue teeth and lips Decoding - ANSWER-using the sound/symbol system and structural analysis to unlock unfamiliar words (synthetic) derivative - ANSWER-adding a prefix or a suffix to a base word diacritical markings - ANSWER-a mark indicating pronunciation dieresis - ANSWER-two dots over an a (a) diphthong - ANSWER-The sound produced by combining two vowels in to a single syllable or running together the sounds. (ow, oi) discovery method - ANSWER-Presentation of new material which can be deduced or discovered by the students (Socratic Method) Dolch List - ANSWER-high frequency word list which may be regular or irregular crossed, mixed dominance - ANSWER-the student who is NOT right handed, right eyed, and right footed or left handed, left eyed, left footed Dyscalculia - ANSWER-unusual difficulty with math, probably originating from a distinct part of the brain Encoding - ANSWER-to spell (analytic) etymology - ANSWER-the study of word origins Fernald - ANSWER-developed a kinesthetic system for teaching the deaf by tracing words. Orton used her work as his kinesthetic model and was influenced by her work. Grapheme - ANSWER-Letter or group of letters used to spell a phoneme. A written representation of a sound using one or more letters. irregular words - ANSWER-Words that contain letters that stray from the most common sound pronunciation; words that do not follow common phonic patterns (e.g., were, was, laugh, been). linguistics - ANSWER-study of the production, properties, structure, meaning and use of language. "Multisensory letter introduction" Mathew Effect - ANSWER-the widening gap over time between strong and weak readers- rich get richer, poor get poorer metalinguistic awareness - ANSWER-the ability to reflect on the use of language; meta: thinking about. This includes phonological awareness, decoding, encoding mnuemonics - ANSWER-a device used to assist memory Modality - ANSWER-the sense a person is using (auditory, visual, kinesthetic) Morpheme - ANSWER-in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a single phoneme, single syllable, or multisyllabic. A word may have more than one morpheme (sleepiness) morphology - ANSWER-the study of the structure of words (prefixes, suffixes, root words) orthography - ANSWER-the conventional spelling system of a language; the study of spelling and how letters combine to represent sounds and form words (only domain at written level) phoneme - ANSWER-in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit Phonemic Awareness - ANSWER-The ability to hear, identify,and manipulate the individual sounds, phonemes, in oral language. phonological awareness - ANSWER-an umbrella term that includes the ability to hear rhyme, to count syllables, and blend/unblend sounds Phonetics - ANSWER-the study of the sounds of a language- 44 speech sounds Phonics - ANSWER-the instructional method that teaches the use of writen symbols to represent the speech sounds for reading and spelling phonogram - ANSWER-synonym for grapheme Phonology - ANSWER-study of speech sounds, the rules and patterns of speech sound combinations and production- larger umbrella term than phonics- unconscious set of rules and patterns that automatically occur in spoken language- a in sank sounds different than in cat print awareness - ANSWER-word boundaries, left to right, top to bottom- CHALLS stage 1 psycholinguistic guessing game - ANSWER-kenneth goodman and frank smith- language is irregular, teaching phonics amounts to no more than guessing Quadrigraph - ANSWER-four letters that come together to make one sound Schwa - ANSWER-a pronunciation symbol with the sound of "uh" as in about; often the vowel sound in an unstressed syllable scribal o - ANSWER-an o that is pronounced short u- it is the thought that medieval scribes changed the u into an o (compass, love, and son) Semantics - ANSWER-the science of meaning -think semantic web sibilant - ANSWER-making or characterized by a hissing sound (s), (ks), (z), (ch), (sh), (j), or (zh) situation reading/spelling - ANSWER-the ideas that letters before or after a letter influences the reading and/or spelling of that letter sound picture - ANSWER-writing a word in parenthesis to illustrate the pronunciation of the sound sound-symbol correspondence - ANSWER-the ability to associate individual sounds with printed letters temporary and invented spelling - ANSWER-this is emerging spelling- it is encouraged in youth students ti develop sound/symbol knowledge for spelling strephosymbolia - ANSWER-means twisted symbols. The first term Orton used for dyslexia. Structural Analysis - ANSWER-the process of using familiar word parts (base words, prefixes, and suffixes) to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words. suffix - ANSWER-a letter or group of letters added to the end of a word to change its meaning Syntax - ANSWER-the order of words in a sentence tilde - ANSWER-a diacritical mark (~) placed over over a vowel r in a combination to indictate the unaccented pronunciation Trigraph - ANSWER-three letters that come together to make one sound unvoiced, voiced - ANSWER-voiced sounds require the vibration of the vocal cords during their production. All vowels are voice. Some consonants are voiced. Wild Old Words - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon- long i or o when unexpected; : mind, most, kind RAN - ANSWER-Rapid automatized naming Domains of Language - ANSWER-form (syntax, morphology, phonology), content (semantics), use (pragmatics) receptive language - ANSWER-comprehension of spoken language expressive language - ANSWER-how we express language; the ability to use sounds, signs, or symbols to communicate meaning Ladder of Language Acquisition - ANSWER-first on ladder....bottom up- oral receptive-(listening), oral expressive-(speaking), written receptive (reading), written expressive (spelling, writing) top of ladder interactive components of language- - ANSWER-together they compose language form- observable features of language content- meaning component of language use- pragmatics pragmatics of language - ANSWER-social use of language- conversational skills, figurative language, feelings/emotions P-Possum - ANSWER-Pragmatics, phonology, orthography, semantics, syntax, uh uh dont need u, morphology Chall reading Stage 0- 6 months-6 years - ANSWER-pre-reading, pretends to read, retells story when loo [Show Less]
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Strephosymbolia - ANSWER-Learning disorder in which symbols and especially phrases, words, or letters appear to be reversed or transposed in reading. Wh... [Show More] o coined word "Strephosymbolia" to differentiate between itself and "word-blindness"? - ANSWER-Samuel Orton What is synthetic teaching - ANSWER-Part to whole (teaching letter sounds, building up to blending to make words) What is analytic teaching - ANSWER-Whole to part What researcher has the most current finding of phonemic awareness? - ANSWER-Reid Lyons What is quantitative research? - ANSWER-Research in which numerical data are collected and statistically analyzed using a large sample. What is qualitative research? - ANSWER-Research that collects data through various observations. What is experimental research? - ANSWER-Research in which subjects are randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. What is quasi-experimental research? - ANSWER-Research in which subjects are NOT randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Which activity uses both analytic and synthetic teaching? - ANSWER-Syllable division Forms of language (3) - ANSWER-Phonology, morphology, and syntax What is dyspraxia? - ANSWER-Speech problems caused by sensorimotor disruption. What is dysarthria? - ANSWER-Speech problems caused by musculature weakness. Affixes - ANSWER-Prefixes and suffixes Pragmatics - ANSWER-Set of rules that dictate communicative behavior and use of language. Metalinguistics - ANSWER-The ability to think about, analyze, and reflect on language as an object. (Awareness of language) Aspiration - ANSWER-Puff of air The sound /u/ in unaccented syllable (such as the 'a' in 'final' - ANSWER-Schwa sound Suprasegmentals - ANSWER-The melody of speech, stress, pitch, loudness Discovery learning involves what pathways? - ANSWER-3 pathways - Visual, auditory, tactile-kinesthetic Socratic questions are what kind of questions - ANSWER-Guided questions Socratic questions (guided questions) are what type of learning? - ANSWER-Auditory discovery Semantics - ANSWER-Meaning of words and sentences, study of meaning, content of language. Diagnostic teaching - ANSWER-Teaching that is informed by a continual assessment of student needs. Outcome measure - ANSWER-An assessment that classifies a student in terms of achievement or improvement of a grade-level performance. Summative data - ANSWER-Data that provides information about knowledge to be applied to long term comprehensive goals. Formative data - ANSWER-Data taken that provides information during learning process. Final stable syllables come from what language? - ANSWER-Latin Affixes come from what language? - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Combining forms come from what language - ANSWER-Greek 'CH' pronounced /k/ is what language? (As in 'school') - ANSWER-Greek Consonant cluster 'ph' is from what language? - ANSWER-Greek ine, ice, ile - ANSWER-Latin (endings or final stable syllables) Cedilla 'c' /s/ - ANSWER-Latin Common every day words are from - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon 'R' controlled vowels are from which language? - ANSWER-Latin Initial consonant clusters - rh, pt, pn, ps, - are from which language? - ANSWER-Greek Consonant pairs - gn, kn, and wr - are from what language? - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Roots ending in - ct and pt- are from what language? (edict, adept) - ANSWER-Latin Chameleon prefixes (changes spelling to match first letter of root word) are from what language? - ANSWER-Latin Consonant digraphs - ch, sh, th, wh - come from what language? - ANSWER-Anglo- Saxon Vowel teams (also called vowel digraphs such as ai, oa, oo, ay, etc.) - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Compound words are from what language? - ANSWER-Anglo-Saxon Medial 'y' comes from what language? (gym) - ANSWER-Greek The letters - c, s, t - pronounced /sh/ come from what language? (special, sugar, partial) - ANSWER-Latin Schwa sound /u/ comes from what language? - ANSWER-Latin What language is the word 'lexia' from? - ANSWER-Greek Systematic and cumulative instruction - ANSWER-Teaching with a logical order of introduction of concepts that progress from easiest to the most difficult. Instruction that follows ordered procedures? - ANSWER-Structured instruction Instruction in which concepts are explicitly taught? - ANSWER-Direct instruction.. Teaching with a logical order of introduction of concepts that progress from easiest to the most difficult. - ANSWER-Systematic and cumulative instruction. Prescriptive teaching - ANSWER-Individual instruction based on need. Individual instruction based on need - ANSWER-Prescriptive teaching An analysis that measures a student's strengths and weaknesses - ANSWER-Diagnostic measure Formative data - ANSWER-Data that provides information about knowledge applied to short term goals. Data that provides information about knowledge applied to short term goals. - ANSWER-Formative data An assessment that measures knowledge attained and expected to know at a specific stage of education. - ANSWER-Criterion referenced test Criterion referenced test - ANSWER-An assessment that measures knowledge attained and expected to know at a specific stage of education. A driving test is considered a criterion referenced test because goal is to see whether the test taker is skilled enough to be granted a driver's license, not to see whether one test taker is more skilled than another test taker. A brief assessment that identifies students that may need additional or an alternate form of instruction. - ANSWER-Screening Screening - ANSWER-A brief assessment that identifies students that may need additional or an alternate form of instruction. Periodic assessment that measures progress in response to specific instruction. - ANSWER-Progress monitoring Progress monitoring - ANSWER-An assessment that measures knowledge attained and expected to know at a specific stage of their education. What are the four components of language? - ANSWER-1) phonology 2) syntax 3) semantics 4) pragmatics A specific sensory pathway is called? - ANSWER-A modality Modality - ANSWER-A specific sensory pathway. Angular gyrus - ANSWER-The area of the brain used for visual-verbal associations. The area of the brain used for visual-verbal as [Show Less]
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