What do organisms use carbohydrates for? - answer-energy
What is a carbohydrate? - answer-An organic compound made up of sugar molecules
what is the
... [Show More] CH2O ratio of C:H:O for carbs? - answer-1:2:1
What kind of shape do most carb molecules have? - answer-A Ring shaped carbon skeleton ex: c-c-c-c
What is the most important carb? - answer-Glucose
What is the molecular formula for glucose? - answer-C6H12O6
What are the properties of glucose? - answer-It is soluble in water, white crystal, somewhat sweet
Polymer - answer-Many molecules bonded together
Monomer - answer-A single molecule
How are polymers and monomers related to each other? - answer-Because they are monomers all together
What chemical elements are present in carbohydrate? - answer-Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen
Blood sugar - answer-Glucose, our brains will always need it
Monosaccharides - answer-Single ringed sugars, examples: Glucose & Fructose
Fructose Characteristics - answer-Sweeter than glucose, found in fruit, main use for high fructose corn syrup
Disaccharides - answer-Double ringed sugars
examples of a disaccharide? - answer-Sucrose & Lactose
Sucrose and Lactose are each made up of two monomers, what are they? - answer-Sucrose: Glucose and fructose, it is a table sugar
Lactose: Galactose & Glucose, it is a milk sugar
Polysaccharides - answer-Starch is a common name
Characteristics of polysaccharides - answer-Lots of glucose bonded together, around (100-300), It's too big of a molecule so it is NOT soluble in water, and isn't sweet tasting
Examples of Polysaccharides - answer-Amylose & Cellulose
Amylose - answer-skin of fruit
Cellulose - answer-Is fiber, humans can't break bond between glucose molecules in cellulose, It goes through our digestive system unchanged. Herbivores can digest it
What is glycogen? - answer-Animal starch and it stores energy in animals
What happens if you don't eat for several hours? - answer-Glycogen releases glucose molecules in to the blood
Properties of lipids? - answer-Not soluble in water, and is hydrophobic (avoids it)
Atoms are present and in what amount? - answer-Present in: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen... 1:2 ratio of C & H, little O
Where is glycogen stored in animals? - answer-The liver
Where is cellulose stored in plants? - answer-The skin
What atoms are present in lipids? - answer-Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen 1:2 ratio, very little O
Why are lipids important? - answer-Provides and stores energy
What are fats made of and what is there structure? - answer-Glycerol: OH Structure & Fatty acids: CH struture
Fats are formed by? - answer-Two different types of monomers
The size of how many C's in a fatty acid chain? - answer-16-18
How do living organisms use fats? - answer-Provides energy stores it, insulation in animals
How many bonds in a fatty acid chain? - answer-Double bonds
What kind of bonds do unsaturated fat have? - answer-double bonds, Saturated fat on diagrams do not have equal sign
Saturated fats and unsaturated fats are what in room temperature? - answer-Saturated: Solid
Unsaturated: Liquid (oils)
Where are saturated and unsaturated fats from? - answer-Saturated: Animals
Unsaturated: Plants
What can saturated fats lead to? - answer-Heart disease
What are the four major groups of lipids? - answer-Fats, steriods, wax, and phospholipids
What group are steroids in? Why? - answer-Lipids because they don't dissolve in water, they also have C and H, Less O (think of atoms!)
How many rings do steroids have? - answer-4 that are interlocking
What is the most important thing about steroids? - answer-Cholesterol!
What are the purposes of cholesterol? - answer-Essential component of cell membranes, intracellular transport, cell signaling, precursor in biochemical pathways.
What are all of the sex hormones and what are each used for? - answer-Estrogen: female for egg formation
Progesterone: Female
Testosterone: Male for sperm formation
What are examples of Steroids? - answer-Cholesterol, sex hormones, vitamin D, Cortisol
What converts cholesterol in the skin to Vitamin D? What is it also needed for? - answer-Sunlight. Or, added in milk, or taken in supplements. Calcium
What helps control the immune response? - answer-Cortisol
What kind of hormone is cortisol called? what does it do? - answer-the stress hormone, it increases the blood sugar and pressure
What are anabolic steroids? - answer-They mimic the muscle building properties of testosterone
Wax lipid - answer-A different type of lipid, it acts as a waterproof coating on plants
What do Phospholipids do? - answer-Form cell membranes
How many fatty acid chains do phospholipids have? - answer-2
Where does Phosphate take place? - answer-3rd chain part of the hydrophilic head
The more double bonds, the more...? - answer-the temperature needs to decrease.
What are properties? - answer-Things that are measured in periodic tables
What do proteins do for a living organism? - answer-Structure: hair, fur
Enzymes: chemical reactions
Carriers/messengers: Oxygen transport
Defenders: immune system
Contraction: Muscles
What is the monomer for protein? - answer-Amino Acid
What elements are proteins made of? - answer-Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and some sulfur
What is an R group? - answer-1 of 20 different functional groups.
What is a functional group (out of the R groups) - answer-A group of atoms (side groups or side chains)
What type of atom is the R group? - answer-Hydrogen atom
What is the bond called that links two amino acids together to make a protein? - answer-Peptide bond
How many different amino acids are there? - answer-20
How does one amino acid differ from another? - answer-They differ at the "R" Group
How long is a protein? - answer-A minimum of 50 amino acids, some thousands and are large molecules
What must happen to a long chain of amino acids in order for it to be a working protein? - answer-It'll only work if it's shaped correctly. It folds specifically. The shape is determined by the sequence of amino acids
What is it called when a protein unravels? What type of things do this to protein? - answer-Denatures, taken out of its natural state
Heat & pH or a environmental condition
Collagen Protein - answer-Important for animals, acts as skin for animals, it comes unglued if an animals does not have it
Collagen - answer-It is strong and flexible which is important for animal movement
Vitamin C - answer-Needed to maintain collagen protein, if no Vitamin C, collagen falls apart and the disease scurry occurs. Long see voyages = no vitamin C
Kertatin - answer-Protein that forms hair, outer layer of skin, nails, feathers, and scales
Hemoglobin - answer-Protein that carries oxygen in the blood and give it its red color
What kind of molecule is an enzyme? - answer-A protein
What do enzymes do? - answer-Carry out chemical reactions
Chemical reaction - answer-Substances change in to other substances
What carries out chemical reactions? - answer-Cells
Bonds are...? - answer-Broken and reformed
Example: Sucrose + H2o -------> Glucose + Fructose
Sucrase
What is needed to start a reaction? - answer-Heat
Reactions require what? Explain - answer-Activation energy = energy needed to get a reaction started
What is a catalyst? - answer-A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, but is not changed by the chemical reaction
Why are enzymes needed in cells? - answer-To survive and function
What acts like a catalyst? - answer-Enzymes
What type of protein are enzymes? - answer-Catalytic protein, the have a globular shape
Active site - answer-The pocket in an enzyme that binds the substrate
Substrate - answer-Reactant/starting molecule
What are the steps of the enzyme cycle? - answer-1. Substrates bind to active site 2. Chemical changes take place so that the substrate changes in to the products 3. The products are released
What is meant by a lock and key fit between an enzyme and is substrate? - answer-The enzyme and substrate fits perfectly meaning the active site goes in and helps with the reactions
What things will inactivate an enzyme? - answer-Anything that damages a protein
McMush Lab: What regent will detect the presence of a monosaccharide? - answer-Apples
McMush Lab: What reagent will detect the presence of protein? - answer-Burger meat
McMush Lab: What reagent will detect the presence of a polysaccharide? - answer-Fries [Show Less]