ATI TEAS 7 Biology Review (Latest 2023)
Macromolecules:
Carbohydrate, Lipid, Nucleic Acid, Protein, Enzyme
Carbohydrate: Sugars and starches which
... [Show More] body breaks down to glucose
Structural function: cellulose and chitin
Energy storage: amylose, amylopectin, glycogen
Recognition molecules: glycoproteins and glycolipids
Lipids: Fatty acids and their derivatives that are soluble in water
H and C and main components
Fats
Hydrophobic- thus help separate aqueous compartments
Store energy (fats, oils, adipose)
Protein: Molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Monomer: amino acids (amino group + carboxylic acid)(20 types)
Keratin and Collagen (hydrophobic)- not soluble in water, found in structural protein
Globular proteins are hydrophilic (hemoglobin, antibodies, enzymes)
Function as transport carries or signal transfer
Nucleic Acids: Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA
DNA stores genetic material
Chromosomes
RNA is a messenger (mRNA) also rRNA and tRNA
Enzymes: Class of protein that catalyze biochemical reactions
Not consumed in reaction
Speed up reaction by lowering activation energy
Exergonic: release energy
Endergonic: require energy
Energy is supplied and released as ATP
Lock and Key (substrate must fit into enzymes active site)
DNA and RNA
DNA: macromolecule that contains coded instructions for the body to produce proteins
Nucleotide: the building block of DNA and RNA
Nitrogenous Base: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine
Purines: Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine
Codon: A group of 3 nitrogenous bases used to synthesize amino acids (Synthesized from RNA during TRANSLATION)
Hydrogen Bonds: Connect a Purine to a Pyrimidine (A-T) and (C-G). Non-covalent, weak.
o RNA: Uracil replaces Thymine
Double Helix structure
Coded or read 5'→3'
Sugar(pentose)-Phosphate backbone (deoxyribose and phosphate group- bound to 4 oxygen atoms)
DNA Replication
DNA Helicase: Unzips and Unwinds DNA strand
DNA Primase: Generates RNA Primer. Act as a template for starting point of DNA Replication
DNA Polymerase: Synthesize new DNA molecules by adding nucleotides to leading and lagging DNA strands in 5'→3' direction
Topoisomerase: Prevents supercoiling
DNA Ligase: Joins DNA fragments together by forming phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides Okazaki Fragment: Short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging strand
Single Strand Binding Protein: Stabilize structure during replication
Leading Strand: Replicated continuously in the 3' to 5' direction
Lagging Strand: Replicated discontinuously in short sections [Show Less]