ATI TEAS 7 Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide (Latest 2023)
ATI TEAS 7 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
CELLS & BASIC STRUCTURE ● Prokaryotes
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... [Show More] single-celled (bacteria or archaea) with flagella (for movement)
○ Replicate through binary fission → split apart and make 2 exact copies of same cell
○ DNA is contained in single circular chromosome ● Eukaryotes
○ Plants, animals, fungi, bacteria
○ Reproduce through mitosis or meiosis
○ DNA is contained in multiple linear chromosomes ● All cells have cell membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA
● Plant cells contain all same organelles but contain cell walls with chloroplast ○ Organelles that aid in photosynthesis
ORGANELLES OFA CELL
Organelle Function
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
● Controls movement of solutes in and out of the cell (proteins, enzymes, chemicals)
● Selectively permeable
● Made of double layer of phospholipids (hydrophilic phosphate head, hydrophobic fatty acid tail)
● contains DNA
● Codes for protein (transcription → process of making mRNA from gene)
● DNA replication and RNA transcription occur
● Where most RNA and ribosomes are made
● “Powerhouse of cell”
● Produce ATP via aerobic respiration ● Has a double membrane, small
circular genome, and own ribosomes
● where proteins are built and stored ● Smooth ER = no ribosomes
● Rough ER = ribosomes attached
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Secretory Vesicles
Ribosomes
Cilia/Flagella
Chromosomes
Chromatin
Centrosome
● Sort, pack, and secrete proteins from ER
● Contains enzymes that break cell structures
● Recycle old cell parts
● Transport and deliver molecules in and out of cell via cell membrane
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● Produce proteins as specified from DNA
● Cilia - Microscopic hair-like projections on some eukaryotic cells that aid in movement
● Flagella - whip-like tail used for movement; only on sperm cell in humans
● Complex thread-like arrangements composed of DNA
● Found in cell nucleus
● Humans have 23 pairs (46 total)
● Cluster of genetic material made of DNA and proteins
● Forms chromosomes during cell division
● Organize microtubules of cell
● Centriole - substructure; assembles mitotic spindle in cell division
TRANSPORT MECHANISMS ● Passive Mechanisms
○ Does not require energy
○ From a high to low concentration 1) Simple Diffusion
a) Relies on concentration gradient to scatter molecules until equilibrium 2) Facilitated Diffusion
a) Uses carrier proteins to transport molecules across cell membrane 3) Osmosis [Show Less]