Name the locations of active marrow in adults: - Answer- sternum, skull, ribs, pelvis, vertebrae
Where does hematopoiesis take place during the first 2
... [Show More] months of gestation? - Answer- yolk sac
Where does the majority of hematopoiesis take place during the 2nd through 7th month of gestation? - Answer- spleen
When does the bone marrow take over hematopoiesis? - Answer- after birth
What are the stages in order of the erythrocyte lineage? - Answer- (1)rubriblast, (2)prorubricyte, (3)rubricyte, (4)metarubricyte, (5)reticulocyte, (6)erytrocyte
What are the stages in order of the granulocyte (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil) lineage? - Answer- (1)myeloblast, (2)promyelocyte, (3)myelocyte, (4)metamyelocyte, (5)band, (6)segmented (7)eos/baso
What are the stages in order of the macrophage lineage? - Answer- (1)monoblast, (2)promonocyte, (3)monocyte, (4)macrophage
What are the stages in order of the platelet lineage? - Answer- (1)megakaryoblast, (2)promegakaryocyte, (3)megakaryocyte, (4)platelet
What are the stages in order of the lymphocyte lineage? - Answer- (1)lymphoblast, (2)prolymphocyte, (3)lymphocyte
Which growth factors stimulate the erythrocyte lineage? - Answer- GM-CSF, EPO, IL-3
Which growth factors stimulate the granulocyte lineages? - Answer- GM-CSF, IL-3
Which growth factors stimulate the platelet lineage? - Answer- GM-CSF, IL-3, TPO
Which growth factors stimulate the lymphocyte lineage? - Answer- IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7
Which protein functions in the transport of Fe? - Answer- transferrin
What is the major storage form of Fe? - Answer- ferritin
What is the long-term (H20) insoluble Fe storage form called? - Answer- hemosiderin
Excess Iron is stored where? What does this cause? - Answer- tissues and body organs, hemosiderosis, hemochromatosis
Porphyrias are attributed to? - Answer- excessive formation of porphrins due to blockages in any enzymatic step in the heme synthesis pathway.
Red or port wine colored urine can be seen in which condition related to the build up of heme precursors? - Answer- porphyria
Neuropsychiatirc symptoms are seen when a build up of which precursors occurs? - Answer- early precursors (Delta-aminolevulinic acid/Porphobilinogen)
Cutaneous symptoms such as photo-sensitivity and facial hair are seen when a build up of which precursors occurs? - Answer- later precursors (uroporphyrinogen/coproporphyrinogen, protoporphyrin/heme)
Synthesis of heme requires what two components? - Answer- iron, protoporphyrin
What are the heme precursors in order of synthesis? - Answer- (1)delta-aminolevulinic acid, (2)porphobilinogen, (3)uroporphyrinogen, (4)coproporphyrinogen, (5)protoporphyrin, (6)heme
What type of hemoglobin is seen primarily in newborns? - Answer- Hgb F
What type of hemoglobin is seen primarily in adults? - Answer- Hgb A2
What type of hemoglobin is rarely seen in adults as well as newborns? - Answer- Hgb A
What hemoglobin types are seen in embryos but not in adults or newborns? - Answer- gower I, gower II, portland
All non-embryonic hemoglobin types are comprised of what type of globin chain? - Answer- alpha
Hemoglobin A2 is composed of what types of globin chains? - Answer- alpha, beta
Hemoglobin A is composed of what types of globin chains? - Answer- alpha, delta
Hemoglobin F is composed of what types of globin chains? - Answer- alpha, gamma
Multiple transfusions can cause what kind of shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve? - Answer- left shift
An increase in hemoglobin F can cause what kind of shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve? - Answer- left shift
A left shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve causes what changes in the following substances: CO2, pH, 2,3-DPG? - Answer- increased pH, decreased CO2, decreased 2,3-DPG
A right shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve causes what changes in the following substances: CO2, pH, 2,3-DPG? - Answer- decreased pH, increased CO2, increased 2,3-DPG
How does EDTA work as an anticoagulant? - Answer- it chelates Ca++
How does heparin work as an anticoagulant? - Answer- it is an anti-thrombin agent
Hemoglobin is measured by its conversion to what? By? - Answer- cyanomethemoglobin, potassium cyanide, potassium ferricyanide
What are potential sources of error in the measurement of hemoglobin? - Answer- lipemia, icterus, high white count, resistant hemoglobins (SS, CC)
What is the normal reference range of hemoglobin for males? - Answer- 14-18 g/dL
What is the normal reference range of hemoglobin for females? - Answer- 12-16 g/dL
Methemoglobin carries iron in what state? - Answer- oxidized (Fe3+)
What color is methemoglobin? - Answer- brown
True or False: Methemoglobin can bind O2. - Answer- false
What causes an increase in carboxyhemoglobin? - Answer- smoking, carbon monoxide poisoning
What color is carboxyhemoglobin? - Answer- cherry red
What does the hematocrit measure? - Answer- packed cell volume in a percentage
What are sources of error seen in using the microhematocrit method to measure the hematocrit? - Answer- failure to seal tube adequately, incorrect reading due to uneven clay plug, inappropriate centrifuge specs, excess EDTA resulting in RBC shrinkage
How is the hematocrit measured using automated methods? - Answer- calculated from MCV and RBC
What are sources of error seen in using the automated method to measure the hematocrit? - Answer- cold agglutinins, high WBC cound
What is the normal reference range for hematocrit of males? - Answer- 42-52%
What is the normal reference range for hematocrit of females? - Answer- 37-47%
What is the calculation used for manual cell counts? - Answer- # of cells counted X 1/total volume X dilution factor
What is the reference range for a WBC? - Answer- 5000-10000 ul
What is the reference range for platelets? - Answer- 150 - 400 X 10^3
What is the reference range for MCV? - Answer- 80-100 fl
What is the reference range for MCH? - Answer- 28-32 pg
What is the reference range for MCHC? - Answer- 32-36% g/dl
What is the reference range for RDW? - Answer- 11.5-14.5%
The function of what cell is to transport O2 to tissues and remove CO2 from tissues? - Answer- RBC
The function of what cell is a phagocytic response to bacteria? - Answer- neutrophil
The function of what cell is in humoral and cell mediated immunity? - Answer- lymphocyte
The function of what cell is an inflammatory response mediator? - Answer- basophil
The function of what cell is an allergic response regulator? - Answer- eosinophil
The function of what cell is in clotting? - Answer- platelet
What are the dyes used in a Wright stain? - Answer- eosin, methylene blue
What is the pH of the phosphate buffer used in a Wright stain? - Answer- 6.4
What can cause a Wright stained slide to appear more blue? - Answer- prolonged staining, pH too basic
What can cause a Wright stained slide to appear more red? - Answer- prolonged washing, pH too acidic
Neutrophil counts are increased in what conditions? - Answer- bacterial infections
Lymphocyte counts are increased in what conditions? - Answer- viral infections
Monocyte counts are increased in what conditions? - Answer- TB, syphilis, malignancies
Eosinophil counts are increased in what conditions? - Answer- allergies, parasites
Basophil counts are increased in what conditions? - Answer- immediate hypersensitivies
Hyper-segmented neutrophils are associated with what condition(s)? - Answer- pernicious anemia
Hypo-segmented neutrophils are associated with what condition(s)? - Answer- pelger huet, pseudo-pelger huet, AML, AIDS
Toxic granulation and vacuoles are associated with what condition(s) - Answer- bacterial infections, burns, chemotherapy
Dohle bodies are associated with what condition(s)? - Answer- bacterial infections, burns, May-Hegglin
Variant lymphs (increased size and basophilia) are associated with what condition(s)? - Answer- infectious mono, other viral infections
Large to giant platelets are associated with what conditions? - Answer- Bernard-Soulier, May-Hegglin, myeloproliferative disorders, stress platelets
If platelet count seems low what would be the corrective action? - Answer- check feather edge for clumping and satelitism. (Is an EDTA related phenomenon) If seen redraw in Na citrate
What type of cells are expected to be seen with a low MCHC? (<32) - Answer- hypochromic
What type of cells are expected to be seen with a high MCHC (<32) - Answer- hyperchromic
Acanthocytes are commonly seen in what condition(s)? - Answer- severe liver disease, abetalipoproteinemia
Another word for sickle cells is? - Answer- drepanocyte
Echinocytes are commonly seen in what condition(s)? - Answer- uremia (can also be an artifact)
Spherocytes are commonly seen in what condition(s)? - Answer- hereditary spherocytosis, increased MCHC, ABO HDN, other hemolytic processes
Elliptocytes are commonly seen in what condition(s)? - Answer- hereditary elliptocytosis, iron deficiency, thalassemia
Stomatocytes are commonly seen in what condition(s)? - Answer- hereditary stomatocytosis, liver disease
Macroovalocytes are commonly seen in what condition(s)? - Answer- megaloblastic anemia
Target cells are commonly seen in what condition(s)? - Answer- liver disease, Hb C, thalassemia, other hemoglobinopathies
Helmet cells are seen in what condition(s)? - Answer- hemolytic processes
Another name for helmet cells is? - Answer- keratocyte
Teardrop drop cells are seen in what condition(s)? - Answer- extramedullary hematopoiesis, thalassemias, pernicious anemia
Schistocytes are seen in what condition(s)? - Answer- DIC, hemolytic processes
Howell-Jolly bodies are composed of? - Answer- DNA
What condition(s) are howell-jolly bodies seen in? - Answer- disturbed erythropoiesis, hemolytic anemias, megaloblastic anemia, post-splenectomy
The inclusions seen in basophilic stippling are composed of? - Answer- RNA
What condition(s) is basophilic stippling seen in? - Answer- thalassemia, lead poisoning
What stains are utilized to see basophilic stippling? - Answer- wright, new methyene blue
Pappenheimer bodies are composed of? - Answer- iron
What stains are utilized to see pappenheimer bodies? - Answer- wright, prussian blue
What conditions are pappenhemier bodies seen in? - Answer- sideroblastic anemia, hemoglobinopathies
What are heinz bodies composed of? - Answer- denatured precipitated hemoglobin
What stain can you NOT see heinz bodies? What stain is used instead? - Answer- Wright, supravital stain (brilliant cresyl blue/new methylene blue)
What conditions are heinz bodies seen in? - Answer- G6PD deficiency, thalassemia, unstable hemoglobins
What are cabot rings composed of? - Answer- remnants of the mitotic spindle
What conditions are cabot rings seen in? - Answer- megaloblastic anemia
How does the value for hemoglobin compare to the value for the hematocrit? - Answer- Hgb X 3 = Hct +/-3%
How does the value for RBCs compare to the value for Hgb? - Answer- RBC X 3 = Hgb +/-3%
An increased MCV with MCHC and decreased RBC is associated with what condition? - Answer- cold agglutinin disease
What can be done to circumvent interference from cold agglutinin disease? - Answer- warming the sample
What does the erythrocyte sedimentation rate measure? - Answer- rate of fall of red cells through plasma
What is the normal reference range of the ESR for women? - Answer- 0-20 mm/hr
What is the normal reference range of the ESR for men? - Answer- 0-15 mm/hr
An increase in the ESR value is see in conditions involving? - Answer- the presence of abnormal plasma proteins (inflammatory conditions)
A falsely elevated ESR can be attributed to? - Answer- tilting tube, standing too long, increased temperature, excess EDTA
A falsely decreased ESR can be attributed to? - Answer- QNS specimen, decreased temperature
What types of stains are used to view reticulocytes? - Answer- supra vital (new methylene blue, brilliant cresyl blue)
Reticulocyte counts are used to monitor? - Answer- erythropoiesis
What is the normal reference range for a reticulocyte count? - Answer- 0.5-1.5%
A reticulocyte production > 2 indicates? - Answer- adequate bone marrow response to anemia
A reticulocyte production < 2 indicates? - Answer- inadequate bone marrow response to anemia
Retic counts are increased in which of the following conditions> - Answer- hemolytic anemias, post-acute blood loss, following therapy (iron, folate, B12)
What is the normal amount of megakaryocytes seen per lpf in a bone marrow prep? - Answer- 5
What is the normal reference range for the myeloid to erythroid ratio? - Answer- 3:1-4:1
Dry bone marrow taps are associated with what pathological condition(s)? - Answer- myelofibrosis, aplastic anemia
What condition(s) can lead to a decreased myeloid to erythroid ratio? - Answer- hemolytic anemia, erythroleukemia
What condition(s) can lead to an increased myeloid to erythroid ratio? - Answer- myeloid hyperplasia, myeloid leukemias
What are the most common aspirate sites for bone marrows? - Answer- sternum, hip (iliac crest)
What stain is used on a bone marrow? - Answer- romanowsky stain
What is the normal ratio of cells to fat seen in a bone marrow - Answer- 50/50
Bone marrow biopsies are performed to in order to evaulate what? - Answer- overall cellularity of the bone marrow
A WBC differential is performed on a bone marrow in order to do what? - Answer- determine the type of leukemia present if diagnosed
When using cellulose acetate for hemoglobin electrophoresis what is the pH used? - Answer- 8.6
When using citrate agar for hemoglobin electrophoresis what is the pH used? - Answer- 6.2 [Show Less]