Compared to the simultaneous condition, the serial condition of the experiment would be more likely to cause - correct answer In the serial condition, the
... [Show More] objects are presented to the participants one at a time, which might result in better memory for events at the beginning of the series (a primacy effect).
The researchers change the procedure such that instead of placing the objects in a box, the participants have to recall all the objects that they have seen during training. According to the spreading of activation theory, which type of memory error is most likely? - correct answer spreading activation suggests that, when a concept is activated, the activation spreads to concepts that are semantically or associatively related to it. Thus, people often retrieve unpresented members of a category when tested on their memory for a series of presented concepts from that category
The findings described in the passage suggest that memory for locations: - correct answer the nine-year-olds performed differently from adults, suggesting that spatial memory keeps undergoing changes after nine years of age. Because this categorical bias was present in adults, spatial memory does not necessarily become more accurate with age. Because world knowledge about categories affects people's judgments of distance, it is not accurate to say that spatial memory relies solely on the recall of distances.
The children from the experiment in the passage participate in a separate study using Piaget's water conservation task. They are shown two identical beakers, containing equal amounts of water. The water from one of the containers is poured into a thinner and taller beaker. Which prediction is most likely to be confirmed? - correct answer according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, conservation tasks are mastered during the concrete operations stage, which starts at approximately 7 years and ends around 11 to 12 years. The majority of the 11-year-olds will have completed this stage, which will allow them to judge that pouring water into a taller beaker does not change its quantity
Maintenance Factor 1 is most closely related to which approach to psychological disorders? - correct answer The answer to this question is B because Maintenance Factor 1 focuses on the role of classical conditioning, which is most closely related to the behaviorist approach.
According to Maintenance Factor 1, mild changes in bodily sensations act as: - correct answer mild changes in bodily sensations become cues that are associated with excessive panic. Thus, those mild changes in bodily sensations become conditioned stimuli, which elicit the conditioned fear response
For Patient 2, panic attacks act as: - correct answer the panic attacks are adding anxiety and are unpleasant which in turn causes the patient to stop going to meetings. Does that help? The panic attacks don't take away the meetings, they add a level of unpleasantness that causes the patient to stop going to meetings.
patient describes the panic attacks as highly aversive and mentions that he no longer goes to meetings for fear of a panic attack. Thus, the frequency of the patient's attendance at meetings has decreased as the result of the panic attacks. Therefore, the panic attacks have been positive punishers
Interoceptive awareness involves sensitivity to increases in the activity of the: - correct answer interoceptive awareness is described as increased sensitivity to internal bodily sensations, such as heartbeat and blood pressure, which are regulated by the autonomic nervous system.
Which two processes best summarize maintenance factors 1 and 2, respectively? - correct answer Maintenance Factor 1 focuses on classical conditioning of a fear response to bodily sensations, whereas Maintenance Factor 2 focuses on cognitive appraisal (interpretation) of bodily sensations.
Data on the role of Maintenance Factor 1 on PD is LEAST likely to come from which type of research - correct answer experimental methods are not likely to be used in determining on how Maintenance Factor 1 works. The primary obstacle to using experimental methods in such studies is the difficulty of systematically manipulating participants' physiological states and their sensitivity to changes in those states.
Harlequin ichthyosis, a rare genetic disorder, causes the skin to become thick and scaly. Flaking skin behind the eyelids of individuals with this condition is most likely to damage which structure of the eye? - correct answer the cornea is in direct contact with the eyelid and is thus most susceptible to damage from flaking skin.
Sound-induced vibrations depolarize hair cells of the cochlea by opening ion channels that are gated in what way? - correct answer hair cells of the cochlea are specialized mechanoreceptors.Mechanically
Max attends a party and does not make eye contact with, or approach, his acquaintance, Sam. According to the actor-observer bias, which graph best represents how Max and Sam view this behavior? - correct answer according to the actor-observer bias, actors attribute their own behavior to situational factors (not feeling well) whereas observers attribute actors' behavior to dispositional factors (social awkwardness).
In a study, each trial involves administering a drop of lemon juice to the participant's tongue and measuring the participant's level of salivation. As more trials are conducted, the researcher finds that the magnitude of salivation declines. After a certain point, the researcher switches to administering lime juice. This researcher is most likely studying which process? - correct answer the study involves reduced responding to a repeating stimulus, which is best described as habituation. The researcher then changes the stimulus, which will likely lead to dishabituation.
Which explanation of the results of Study 1 presents the most appropriate application of the optimal arousal theory? Reminding participants of: - correct answer Optimal arousal theory states that optimal performance requires optimal arousal and that arousal levels that are too high or too low will impede performance. Option C is compatible with this theory because it suggests that poor performance is a consequence of increased arousal levels resulting from negative stereotype activation
If the participants in Study 1 differed in the degree to which their ethnic identity was a central part of their self-concept, which outcome would be most likely? Participants whose ethnic identity was a central part of their self-concepts would: - correct answer The answer to this question is C because people whose ethnic identity is a central part of their self-concept would be more prone to the effects of stereotype threat regarding their ethnic identity. This does not mean that they would not be affected by gender stereotypes or affected by the conditions of the experiment.
Which measure would be most useful if the researchers were interested in the degree of sympathetic arousal experienced in the different conditions of Study 1? - correct answer The answer to this question is A because increased electrical conductivity of the skin is a physiological indication of increased sympathetic arousal, which is associated with anxiety
The researchers collected data on participants' heart rates and electrical skin conductance at different stages of the experiment. Which pattern would verify that the independent variable had the intended effect? Heart rate and skin conductance are higher - correct answer The stress group (who expected to give a presentation) should differ from the control group (who did not expect to give a presentation). The stress response is associated with elevated heart rate and skin conductance. Therefore, the stress condition should lead to higher scores on these variables.
Which statement provides the LEAST likely explanation for why the researchers dropped the highly anxious participants from their sample? - correct answer ethically practicable to conduct research on people who score high on anxiety. However, having outliers accumulate in the experimental or control condition can lead to confounding or to errors in statistical inference. It may also limit the generalizability of the results
A researcher replicates the experiment with the addition of a physical stressor to the first phase of the experiment. According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome, this change is: - correct answer Selye's general adaptation syndrome, people's response to various stressors is similar. Selye's theory does not make claims about avoidance-avoidance or approach-approach conflicts.
Which conclusion is best supported by the outcome of Study 2? - correct answer synchronous actions would make participants more prone to comply with prompts to act aggressively (i.e., conform to the confederate's suggestion to choose the "noise blast").
Damage to which nervous system structure is most likely to cause problems in the participants' ability to perform the synchronous behaviors in studies 1 and 2? - correct answer the cerebellum is most likely to be involved in the execution of a coordinated motor task.
A researcher suggests that the effect of the testing condition on the affiliation ratings is caused by increased sympathetic nervous system activity due to performing a repetitive behavior. Is this explanation likely to be supported? - correct answer e the participants engaged in repetitive activities in both the synchronous and asynchronous testing conditions. Therefore, if sympathetic nervous system arousal had caused the differences in the affiliation ratings, only the synchronous condition would have been affected
Which type of design is LEAST appropriate for research on residential segregation - correct answer Due to ethical concerns, as well as practical considerations, experimental research is generally not available for studying residential segregation. Except under special circumstances, it would be unethical and impractical to randomly assign participants to groups in which segregation is manipulated as an independent variable. In contrast, the other response options present more acceptable methods. Because the question requires you to understand different types of research methods and consider their ethical implications
Participants in a weight-loss program agree to have their body mass index (BMI) measured to track their progress in the program. Among a sample of 72 participants, the mean BMI is 30 and the median BMI is 25. Which statement provides an accurate description of the sample? - correct answer a median of 25 can be described as half the sample having a BMI over 25 and half having a BMI under 25
Often utilized when studying communicable diseases, which type of analysis maps the series of relationships among a set of individuals - correct answer social network analysis. Used in some epidemiological studies, social network analysis is the method described in the question. It involves the mapping of social relationships among individuals
Which effect is LEAST likely to occur with the process of gentrification? - correct answer development of affordable housing. Gentrification is the reinvestment in lower income neighborhoods in urban areas, which results from the influx of more affluent groups. With the arrival of more affluent residents, housing demand increases and generally results in a decrease of affordable housing for lower income residents.
On average, adults are found to be more risk averse than adolescents. Based on group polarization, how would testing condition affect adults' scores on the DMQ? Adults would have: - correct answer Group polarization is when people take on more extreme views of the VIEWS THEY ALREADY HAVE. Thus, since the adults are already risk averse, putting them in a group with likeminded adults increases their aversion to risk. Risk taking and score are positively correlated (low risk taking = low score).
Which statement best applies the behaviorist theory to explain the association between age and DMQ scores? Compared to younger participants, older participants: - correct answer behaviorist theory focuses on the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior and A is the only option that applies this theory to risk aversion
Which finding would support the validity of the DMQ measure - correct answer a valid measure is one that actually measures what it is intended to assess. Because both the DMQ (a self-report measure) and the CG (a behavioral measure) were intended to assess risky behavior, a positive correlation between the two measures would support the validity of the DMQ measure.
According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which group of participants are most likely dealing with the challenges of generativity versus stagnation? - correct answer Erikson's theory, the generativity versus self-absorption crisis occurs in mid-adulthood. Thus, the adults compose the only age group that is likely to experience this stage
Which statement does NOT identify an aspect of the concept of assimilation? - correct answer Assimilation is related to the process of social integration and generally refers to when new members adopt the main elements of a culture. The other response options each provide an aspect of the definition of assimilation (cultural adaptation, adopting new norms, and relinquishing old norms). [Show Less]