Describe how your body responds to an infection.
T cells produce cytokines, which stimulate B cells. B cells produce antibodies.
Identify role of
... [Show More] DNA changes in congenital abnormalities.
Mutations in genes or chromosomal abnormalities
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How does development disrupts congenital abnormalities?
Alterations of DNA
Describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect wellbeing.
(ex) Fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias.
Explain RAAS
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
1. Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin
> produce angiotensin I > converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II > vasoconstriction > release aldosterone > kidneys conserve sodium and water > Result less water lost in urine and blood pressure maintained.
DKA
increased anion gap, decreased HCO3
How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis
retain H and excrete HCO3
Untreated acidosis leads to an increase in which electrolyte?
Potassium
West Nile Virus
Transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Severe signs and symptoms; high fever, headache and stiff neck
Lyme disease
Tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.
Erythema infectiosum
a febrile upper respiratory illness in a child followed by the sudden appearance of red, flushed cheeks, "fifth disease"
Obesity ad diabetes are risk factors for having a child with _____.
Spina bifida
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Trousseau's sign
arm/carpal spasm associated with hypocalcemia
Cause and sign of spina bifida
results from failure of neural tube to close. sign - fluid filled sac on lower back.
hemophilia is more common in
males
Prenatal exposure to alcohol includes
ND-PAE, decreased brain function, FAS
Connective vs muscle tissue disorders
Connective- RA, Scleroderma, Lupus
Muscle - MS, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravia
Describe Lupus
Inflammatory disorder characterized by joint pain and butterfly rash
Describe Myasthenia Gravis
It is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack own Ach receptors. This causes weakness of skeletal muscles over the course of the day, along with ptosis, double vision, and difficulty swallowing.
dermatitis
inflammation of the skin
eczema
noninfectious, inflammatory skin disease characterized by redness, blisters, scabs, and itching
decubitus ulcer
sore caused by lying down for long periods of time
Fungal infections
superficial, localized skin conditions or deep tissue infections caused by exposure to spores
may or may not be transmitted
benign neoplasm
noncancerous growths, stationary, distinct borders
malignant neoplasm
uncontrolled new tissue growth, irregular borders, spreads
Osteoporosis
The loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured.
osteomalacia
disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
myoglobin
red pigment that stores oxygen in muscle cells
Bursa
fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another
Rickets
a vitamin D deficiency in children, resulting in soft bones
Degenerative disk disease
A condition in which an intervertebral disk loses its normal structural integrity as a result of wear and tear, acute or repeated injuries or aging
Paget disease
Chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the long bones of the legs, the lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull
communiuted fracture
splintered into many pieces
Three types of skin cancer
1. Basal cell carcinoma
2. Squamous cell carcinoma
3. Melanoma
basal cell carcinoma
Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules. Rarely metastasize, most common on face due to sun exposure
squamous cell carcinoma
Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red crusted papules or firm nodules.
Melanoma
The most serious form of skin cancer, caucasian males at highest risk, usually black or brown lesion
consequences when integumentary system is disrupted
impaired immunity
types of burns
Superficial (1st degree) - red/painful
Partial-thickness (2nd degree) -wet/pink/painful
Full-thickness (3rd degree) -white/swollen/no pain
Viltigo
localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches
ischemic CVA vs hemorrhagic CVA
ischemic - clot vs hemorrhagic - blood
subdural hematoma
collection of blood under the dura mater
Alzheimer's disease vs parkinson's disease
Alz - affects language and memory
Park - affects all executive functioning
Huntington's disease
Genetic disorder that causes progressive deterioration of brain cells. caused by a dominant allele. symptoms do not appear until about the age of 30. involves involuntary muscle movement
Sclerosis
abnormal condition of hardening
disorders that cause vision loss
glaucoma - loss of pheripheral vision, cataracts - cloudy vision, retinal detachment - floaters, flashes, curtain vision
kyphosis
excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back.
disorders that cause hearing loss
Meniere's disease - changes in fluid in tube of inner ear (imbalance and vertigo), Otitis media - middle ear infection
Predisposing factors of ischemic stroke
a fib, carotid stenosis, cerebral arteriosclerosis
rheumatoid arthritis
A chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling deformities. Causes elevated WBC counts.
cerebral contusion
the bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull; symptoms: ringing in ears, severe headache, n/v.
TIA vs CVA
TIA =
-result when a cerebral artery is temp blocked and decreases blood flow to brain
Stroke= artery completely blocked
leading to death of brain and permanent loss of certain functions
multiple sclerosis
A chronic, irreversible disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech
aneurysm
ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall
thrombus vs embolus
Thrombus = clot in arteries
embolus = dislodged traveling clot in arteries, blocks blood flow
Artherosclerosis
Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to buildup of cholesterol plaques
1.endothelial injury
2.foam cell formation
3.fatty streak formation
angina pectoris
chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle
myocardial infarction
the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup (heart attack)
endocaritis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
peridcarditis
inflammation of the pericardium (sack surrounding heart)
benign vs malignant hypertension
benign - "essential hypertension", chronic vascular damage due to sodium retention.
malignant - acute vascular damage due to renin release
communicable disease
A disease that can be spread from one person or species to another.
infectious disease
A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another.
myocardial infarction causes damage to
arteries of : brain, retina, [Show Less]