The hereditary approach states what?
An individual's personality is determined by molecular structure of genes.
hereditary
determined at time of
... [Show More] conception
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Most widely used personality test that includes Extroverted (E) versus Introverted (I), Sensing (S) versus Intuitive (N), Thinking (T) versus Feeling (F), Judging (J) versus Perceiving (P
What is the major problem with the Myers-Briggs personality test?
It forces a person to be categorized as either one type or another.
Big 5 Personality Traits
Openness, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Extroversion, Emotional stability.
Among all Big 5 personality traits, which one is most consistently related to job performance?
conscientiousness
narcissism
The tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement.
Individuals scoring ________ have a strong ability to adjust their behavior to external, situational factors and can behave differently in different situations.
high on self-monitoring
People with proactive personalities do what?
They are more likely than others to be seen as leaders.
What is true of values?
They have content and intensity attributes.
What is an instrumental value?
A method of behaviors that get you to the end result like personal discipline.
What is a terminal value?
Where you are trying to end up such as social recognition.
What are John Holland's six personality types?
realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional. (remember investigative)
With reference to Hofstede's framework, which country scores the highest in individualism?
United States
What is perception?
A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
What are the three factors that influence perception?
Situation, perceiver, target
attributional theory
when we observe someone's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was caused by internal or external factors.
what is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic?
Intrinsic is inside you (fits the pattern) and extrinsic is outside you (breaks the pattern).
dispositional attribution
attributing behavior to the person's disposition and traits (internal)
situational attribution
attributing a behavior to some external cause or factor operating within the situation (an external attribution like environment)
Three determinants of attributions are?
distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency
What is the fundamental attribution error?
The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others. (behavior of others)
What is self-serving bias?
The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors. (behavior of yourself)
What is selective perception?
The tendency to selectively interpret what one sees on the basis of one's interests, background, experience, and attitudes.
What is the Halo effect?
The tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
A situation in which a person inaccurately perceives a second person, and the resulting expectations cause the second person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception.
What is the contrast effect?
Evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
What is stereotyping?
Judging someone on the basis on one's perception of the group to which that person belongs.
What is the rational decision making model?
A decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcomes.
What is bounded rationality?
A process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.
What is intuition decision making?
An unconscious process distilled out of distilled experience (gut instinct).
What is over-confident bias?
Being over-confident in your own abilities.
What is an anchoring bias?
A tendency to fixate on initial information from which one then fails to adequately adjust for subsequent information.
What is confirmation bias?
The tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradicts past judgments.
What is availability bias?
The tendency to mistakenly judge items that are more readily available in memory as having occurred more frequently.
What is escalation of commitment bias?
The tendency to stick to an ineffective course of action when it is unlikely that the bad situation can be reversed.
What is utilitarianism?
Greatest good for the greatest number of people.
What is true regarding perception?
Our perception of reality can be different from that of objective reality.
What is locus of control?
The extent to which individuals believe how much control they have over their lives.
What is the difference between internal or external cause?
Internal is something you caused, external is something you have no control over.
You are more likely to notice a car like your own due to what?
Selective perception
Rose needs to give a presentation to the board of directors of her organization next week. She knows that her presentation will play an important role in her performance appraisal in the next quarter. However, she knows that two of her colleagues, John and Keith, will also be giving a presentation on the same issue. She is nervous because she believes that men have a better flair for giving presentations. Rose's perception of John and Keith is most likely characterized by ________.
stereotyping
A process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without knowing their complexity is known as?
bounded rationality
Individuals who report unethical practices by their employers to outsiders are known as?
whistle blowers
What are the three elements of motivation?
...
What are the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal?
motivation
What are Maslow's hierarchy of 5 needs?
Physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization (until each need is substantially satisfied, we can't move to the next need)
What theory assumes the average person dislikes work and will avoid it if possible. Therefore, people must be forced, controlled, and threatened with punishment to accomplish organizational goals.
Theory X (negative)
What theory assumes people like working and will accept responsibility for achieving goals if rewarded for doing so?
Theory Y (positive)
Needs that are satisfied externally, such as physiological and safety needs.
lower needs
Needs that are satisfied internally such as social, esteem and self-actualization needs.
higher needs
The drive to become what a person is capable of becoming.
self-actualization
What are Hertzberg's Two Factor Theory?
The opposition of dissatisfaction is not satisfaction (2 factor theory - hygiene factor and motivation -- hygiene are dissatisfiers and motivation are satisfiers)
A theory that states achievement, power and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation.
McClelland's theory of needs (need for power, need for achievement, need for affiliation)
When do higher achievers perform their best?
When they perceive their probability of success is 50/50.
A version of self-determination theory which holds that allocating extrinsic rewards for behavior that had been previously intrinsically rewarding tends to decrease the overall level of motivation if the rewards are seen as controlling.
Cognitive evaluation theory
What is the self-determination theory?
Self-determination theory focuses on how our needs for autonomy, competence, and positive connections impact our personal growth and well-being.
What is goal setting theory?
Goal-setting theory is based on the notion that setting ambitious but attainable goals will lead to high levels of motivation and performance if the goals are accepted and accompanied by feedback, and if conditions in the organization make achievement possible.
What is the self-efficacy theory?
The perception of one's ability to perform a task successfully (A situation-specific form of self-confidence - I have done this before, I can do it again)
What is reinforcement theory?
The theory that behavior is a function of its consequences, that behaviors followed by positive consequences will occur more frequently, and that behaviors followed by negative consequences will occur less frequently.
What is equity theory?
The theory that people are most satisfied with a relationship when the ratio between benefits and contributions is similar for both partners (fairness)
What is distributable justice?
The perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals.
What is procedural justice?
The perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards.
What is interactional justice?
The perceived degree to which one is treated with dignity and respect.
What is the expectancy theory?
The theory that motivation will be high when workers believe that high levels of effort lead to high performance and high performance leads to the attainment of desired outcomes.
Which level of Maslow's hierarchy theory of needs deals with satisfying hunger, thirst, and other bodily needs?
physiological
What is cognitive evaluation theory?
How rewards are perceived is critical in determining whether intrinsic motivation increases or decreases.
What is self-concordance?
Considers how strongly people's reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values.
Which statement is true regarding the goal-setting theory?
People do better when they get feedback on how well they are progressing toward their goals.
What source of increasing self-efficacy involves gaining relevant experience with a particular job or task?
en-active mastery (experience - page 216)
Helen, a high school teacher, wants her students to actively participate more in class. She has decided to use reinforcement theory to get the required results. What can she do to get them to participate more?
She is going to give students extra credit when they contribute.
In equity theory, individuals assess what?
Outcome/input ratio (what you put in to something, you get a better outcome - like working harder to get better pay - page 221)
Jackie thinks that she is paid a lot less than other employees in her division and feels extremely resentful. She starts taking long breaks and generally wastes time. Her actions resulted from a perceived lack of ________ justice.
Distributive (perceives how justice is distributed - page 222/223)
Oscar is looking for a new job. He used to be the company's top sales representative and was eagerly expecting to be promoted. However, one of the regional manager's friends was promoted to district manager instead. According to the expectancy theory, Oscar's dissatisfaction with his current job stems from a breakdown in the ________ relationship.
performance-reward
What are the three types of Expectancy Theory of Motivation?
performance-reward, effort-performance, reward-personal goal
With reference to the expectancy theory, what example indicates a weak reward-personal goal relationship?
An employee works hard to get relocated to the Paris office, but instead is transferred to Beijing.
What is a formal group?
Assigned by organizations/managers to accomplish a specific goal
What is an informal group?
Alliances that are neither formally structured or determined by the organization (not determined by the organization).
What is social identity theory?
The idea that a person's self-concept and self-esteem derive not only from personal identity and accomplishments, but also from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which the person belongs
Five-Stage Model of Group Development
1. Forming
2. Storming
3. Norming
4. Performing
5. Adjourning (page 275)
What are the six properties of groups?
Roles, norms, status, size, cohesiveness, diversity (283 and 286 status inequity, 287 social loafing*)
What is the groupthink?
The practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility.
What is groupshift?
A change between a group's decision and an individual decision that a member within the group would make (tendency to groups to move to extreme positions).
What is true of a formal group?
They are marked by stipulated behaviors in pursuit of organizational goals.
When a group is fully functional and focused on their task, what stage are they in?
performing
What is true about regard to deviant workplace behavior?
Widespread deviant workplace behavior is dependent upon the accepted norms of the group.
Which group is better at problem solving tasks and fact-finding?
Larger groups
Which group do individuals perform better in and which group is faster at performing tasks?
Smaller groups
What is an effective means of counteracting social-loafing?
Ensuring that individual contributions to the group's outcome are identified.
When _______ is important in decision making, group decisions are preferred to individual incisions.
acceptance of solution
What steps can be taken by a manager so as to minimize groupthink?
Seeking input from all employees in the group before the group leader presents his opinions.
Which of these two groups is higher at performing - brainstorming or nominal groups?
Nominal groups (295).
According to the interactionist view, what type of conflict supports the goals of the group and improves its performance?
Functional
What is the view of the traditional conflict theory?
All conflict is bad.
For process conflict to be kept productive, it must be kept?
low (448 process conflict, etc.)
What type of conflict focuses on productive conflict resolution?
managed
Stage II of the conflict process deals with the conflict being?
Perceived and felt
What is Stage I of the conflict process?
potential opposition and incompatibility
What is Stage II of the conflict process?
Cognition and personalization
What is Stage III of the conflict process?
Intentions (553 and 554 pg)
What is Stage IV of the conflict process?
Behavior
What is a conflict stimulation technique?
Bringing in outsiders (pg 455)
Conflict is dysfunctional when it??
Reduce group cohesivness
What are two types of bargaining?
distributive and integrative (pg 459)
what is distributive bargaining?
negotiation that seeks to divide up a fixed amount of resources; a win-lose situation
what is integrative bargaining?
negotiation that seeks one or more settlements that can create a win-win situation
What is the first stage of the negotiation process?
preparation and planning
Five steps of negotiation process?
Preparation and planning, definition of ground rules, clarification and justification, bargaining and problem solving, closure and implementation (in order).
What is the interactionalist theory of conflict?
A harmonious and cooperative group is prone to becoming static, apathetic, and unresponsive to needs for change and innovation (not all forms of conflict are good - functional conflict supports goals. dysfunctional conflict hinders group performance)
What are three types of conflicts?
Tasks, relationship, and process (task conflict relates to content and goals of work; relationship conflict focuses on interpersonal relationships; process conflict relates to how the work gets done)
The third theory of conflict is?
resolution-focused conflict (managing the whole context in conflicts and realizing that conflict will occur - charts exhibit 14-1 in the book lists 5 stages of the conflict process)
What are the 5 stages of the conflict process?
1. Potential opposition or incompatibility
2. Cognition and personalization
3. Intentions
4. Behavior
5. Outcomes (chart 14.1 and 14.4 in the book) [Show Less]