Which data recording method would be best used to measure the time between when a cue was delivered and a learner responded to the
... [Show More] cue?
Latency
Susan's tantrums seemed to last longer with every passing day. Which data collection procedure would be the best to use to determine how long her tantrums last?
Duration
Which of the following data collection methods might be useful for determining how many times a learner says, "Oh no!"
Frequency
Jamaal is collecting data on Freddie's on-task behavior. He looks to see if Freddie is on-task for an entire 10-second interval. If he is, he marks yes. If Freddie looks around during the 10 seconds, he marks no. What type of data recording is Jamaal using?
Whole Interval
The "behavioral" dimension of ABA refers to:
Being able to observe and measure behavior
Which of the following is true regarding the role of the RBT in the behavior assessment process?
RBTs assist in the implementation of functional behavior assessments
What is interobserver agreement (IOA)?
When 2 data collectors agree on data collected at the same time during the display of the behavior
Which of the following is an example of an issue related to boundaries of competence?
An RBT deciding which data to collect to build a verbal behavior program
Which activity is appropriate for an RBT to engage in when data are being collected for the behavior intervention process?
Collecting frequency data during an observation of the learner
In ABA, which is the best reason why behaviors are targeted for increase?
So learners can increase overall skill repertoires
Behavioral shaping involves:
Reinforcing successive approximations of a larger behavior
In discrete trial instruction, a short instruction delivered to a learner is called:
A discriminative stimulus (SD)
Prompting before a learner can select an incorrect response is called:
Errorless Learning
Which part of a discrete trial makes it more likely the learner will respond again?
The reinforcer
Teaching targets on the written skill acquisition plan:
Tell the behavior technician what to present
Which of the following is an example of a 3-step direction?
Arms up, stand up, and touch head
Which of the following is an example of a defective mand?
Crying when wanting a drink
Which of the following is the best way to determine how to follow the child's lead during a naturalistic teaching session?
Watch the child and look for an opportunity to intervene
Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) involves:
Setting an interval for the problem behavior not to be displayed and reinforcing the child if it is not displayed
Extinction works by:
Abruptly stopping reinforcement for problem behavior
Punishment is the result of a stimulus following a behavior that serves to:
Reduce the behavior
Which of the following could ensure that an intervention involving the use of punishment is effective?
Collecting and reviewing intervention data
A most-to-least prompting sequence involves:
Moving the prompts to naturally occurring ones
Which of the following is a behavior?
Running a race
In a token reinforcement system, taking a token away from a client who tore up a piece of paper is an example of:
Response cost
The process of defining target behaviors using a precise definition is called:
Operationally defining the behavior
Why is it important to define a behavior in observable and measurable terms?
So the behavior's occurrence can be agreed upon by different observers
Your supervisor tells you to use a strategy you have no idea how to use. What is the best response to the request?
Tell the supervisor immediately that you do not know how to use the strategy and ask for them to demonstrate it
Which of the following is an example of a dual relationship?
Tina and Lois are best friends. Lois is an RBT who works with Tina's son.
What does the term "least intrusive" mean as it relates to behavior change plans?
Behavior change plans that place the least amount of risk or discomfort
RBTs assist in delivering services under the direction and close supervision of:
An RBT Supervisor or an RBT Requirements Coordinator
What does the Professional and Ethical Compliance Code of the BACB state about communication and interactions with clients and families?
To interact with families and clients in a way that is free from bias and discrimination
Which of the following statements made by an RBT to a parent shows that the RBT is practicing a "non-judgmental approach?"
"Sometimes it is hard to be consistent with the visual schedule. How do you think we could make this a bit simpler to use?"
Which of the following data recording procedures is best used for behaviors that have a clear ending and a clear beginning but do not occur throughout an interval, yet still occur at high rates?
Partial interval
Data are plotted on line graphs according to:
The number of instances of the behavior across time
Describing behavioral function is an attempt to explain:
Why the behavior is happening
The purpose of preference assessment is to:
Identify reinforcers for increasing behaviors
Which of the following is an example of a paired stimulus preference assessment being implemented?
A behavior technician presents 2 items each trial and asks the leaner to make a choice
Which of the following is an example of permanent product recording?
5 broken chairs after the incident
The y, or vertical, axis on a graph shows:
The number of behaviors
In a multiple stimulus with replacement preference assessment, the choice the learner makes on the initial trial is:
Replaced and put with different items on the second trial
What the learner does after receiving a discriminative stimulus is called a:
Response or behavior
Which of the following could be a response that immediately follows a discriminative stimulus?
Puts object in cup
The purpose of prompting procedures written on a skill acquisition plan are:
To specify how to prompt and when to fade prompts
Leonard says, "Cookie," when he wants a cookie. This is an example of which verbal operant?
Mand
The first step in echoic training is to:
Model the sound the learner is supposed to produce
How does a motivating operation work to increase the effectiveness of mand training?
It makes it more likely that the individual will want the reinforcer and will mand for it
Which of the following best describes "match to sample"?
Matching an item to an identical one
Asking a learner to "give the one you write with" is an example of:
Discrimination by function
To achieve momentum during a discrete trial session, behavior technicians must:
Deliver the discriminative stimuli quickly
Discrete trial teaching differs from naturalistic teaching in that:
Discrete trial instruction is adult-initiated and naturalistic teaching strategies are child-initiated
Which of the following is the best reason for conducting a reinforcer assessment before implementing a naturalistic intervention?
To know what to have available as reinforcers and possibly intervention materials
Which of the following can be done to try to elicit a request from a learner?
Place a reinforcer in a place where the learner will have to ask for it
Why is it important for behaviors that are targeted for token reinforcement be clearly defined?
So that everyone involved in delivering or receiving tokens knows which behaviors are being reinforced
In which of the following scenarios does a behavior technician need to communicate to their supervisor as soon as possible?
If they are asked to do something they don't know how to do and need assistance
Undesirable behavior can be reduced by:
Reinforcing alternative behaviors using extinction or punishment
Reinforcing behaviors that are incompatible with hitting would fall under which component of a behavior intervention plan?
Consequence strategies
Differential reinforcement works by:
Reinforcing only the behaviors that should be increased while removing reinforcement from behaviors that should be decreased
Escape extinction works by:
Not allowing the individual to escape what they were trying to avoid
Type 1 punishment involves:
Adding a condition to reduce a behavior
Which of the following is an example of overcorrection?
Susie had to clean the desks she wrote on
Which of the following is the best method for ensuring confidentiality of written documentation of a session?
Store all notes in a file folder and lock them in a file cabinet
Which of the following reflects the BEST description of documentation within the role of the behavior technician?
Behavior technicians must collect data, record behavioral incidences, and write session notes
A behavior technician is graphing data using a computer and spreadsheet program. Which is the best way to ensure that the information is kept private?
Use passwords for accessing the computer and the spreadsheet program.
Which of the following statements best reflects how often RBTs should communicate with their supervisor?
RBTs should communicate with their supervisor in an ongoing manner.
If a behavior technician suspects abuse or neglect of a client, they should:
Report their suspicions immediately to their supervisor according to organization policy.
Which of the following statements is most appropriate for an objective session note?
Oliver performed all the steps to the handwashing routine independently.
Which of the following may need to be reported to the supervisor immediately?
A client's drastic change in behavior when a sibling entered the therapy room unintentionally
Jonah is a client who receives ABA intervention. His mother just informed the behavior technician that Jonah will be changing schools next week. Why is it important for the behavior technician to report this to the supervisor?
A big change may have an impact on Jonah's behavior and progress. His program may need to be altered to accommodate the transition.
Which of the following is the best way to protect health information of a client when discussing the client's progress with colleagues?
Only using first names when discussing a client
Which of the following might be a conflict of interest when working with a client?
Offering to baby sit when parents complain that they cannot find a good sitter
Which is the best way to establish a good working relationship with a client's family?
Listening to them about their loved one and make nonjudgmental statements
Which of the following is the most effective way to communicate with families?
Use observable and measurable terms and descriptions when communicating
The purpose of modeling in behavioral skills training (BST) is to:
Demonstrate how to implement a behavioral procedure
What are the steps of behavioral skills training (BST)?
Providing instructions, modeling, role play, and feedback
What is a preference assessment?
-Used to assess what is most preferred to the individual
-hypothesize potential reinforcers to use when teaching acquisition skills
What are the types of preference assessments?
-Free operant: Free access to all items/activities
-Single stimulus: Presentation of a single stimulus and see if client contacts with it (record the latency or duration of contact)
-Forced choice: Present pairs of preferred items and note which one is selected
-Multiple stimulus w/ replacement: Presentation of an array and record how often an item is selected (replace the chosen object for each trial)
-Multiple stimulus w/o replacement: Presentation of an array and DO NOT replace the chosen object and put it back in array
What is reinforcement?
A stimulus added or removed that increases the future frequency of a behavior
What is punishment?
A stimulus added or removed that decreases the future frequency of a behavior
What is an reinforcer?
Item or activity presented immediately following a behavior to increase the likelihood of future occurrences of desired behavior
What is a tangible object?
Something you can hold and feel
ex) stuffed animal, crayon, book, etc
What is positive reinforcement?
a stimulus added that increases the future frequency of a behavior
what is negative reinforcement?
a stimulus is removed that increases the future frequency of a behavior
What is positive punishment?
a stimulus is added that decreases the future frequency of a behavior
What is negative punishment?
a stimulus is removed that decreases the future frequency of a behavior
What is token economy?
A system used for an individual to earn "tokens" while working through programs or an intervention. Once the amount needed is collected the individual earns a specific reinforcement
What does socially mediated mean?
facilitated by another person
What do the ABC's stand for?
Antecedent:
-what happens right before a behavior occurs
-The SD is an antecedent
Behavior:
-Must be observable and measurable
-should pass the "dead man's test" meaning that if a dead man can do it, then it is not behavior
-Interaction of a person with environment
-Also known as the response
Consequence:
-What happens right after a behavior occurs
-ex) the reinforcer during DTT trials
What is the definition of Operational/Behavior?
-Definition of a behavior which is observable and measurable
-Should be in language that is easy to understand, will include examples and nonexamples
What is target behavior?
-The behavior that is identified for increase or decrease
-ex) screaming would be a behavior to decrease while saying "excuse me" would be a behavior to increase
What is natural teaching environment (NET)?
-Teaching that occurs in naturally occurring activities
-The task is directly related to the reinforcer
-following a clients motivation
-ex) client is playing in a toy house, ask where is the door, open the door, etc
What is a fixed ratio (FR)?
reinforcement occurs after a certain number of times a behavior is displayed
-ex) Client is on a FR4 reinforcement schedule
What is a fixed interval (FI)?
reinforcement for a behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed
-ex) client gets to play a video game for 5 minutes after each 10 minute interval (FI10) he studies his math
What is a variable ratio (VR)?
reinforcement after the behavior is displayed an average number of times
ex) client is on a VR5 schedule for matching colored objects. She got reinforced after 3 correct, then 7, then 5.
What is a a variable interval (VI)?
reinforcement after behaviors is displayed on average length of time
ex) client is on VI4 schedule of reinforcement for sustained play interactions with a peer. He got reinforcement after playing for two minutes, then 6 minutes then 4 minutes.
What is a continuous variable (CRF)?
reinforcement occurs each time a behavior is displayed
ex) client gets a sticker each time she responds to a question correctly
What is Discrete Trial Training (DTT)/Discrete Trial Intervention (DTI)?
-4 term contingency (SD, behavior, consequence, reinforcer)
-An instructional method wherein the client is presented with formal opportunity to learn and demonstrate a behavior
What are prompts?
an additional antecedent stimulus that is used to evoke a behavior so that it can be reinforced
what is prompt dependency?
when an individual becomes dependent on a prompt and will wait for a prompt instead of completing a task independently
what does prompt fading mean?
-Fading out prompts to have the individual complete the skill independently
-the gradual withdrawal of prompts, such that the SD alone evokes the desired behavior
Least to most prompting
-Used primarily when a learner has shown they can complete the task
-Give SD and then wait for the response to be performed. If it is not, give the least intrusive prompt first, then second etc
Most to Least Prompting (MTL)
-Used when first teaching a skill to an individual
-Present the prompt at maximum intensity and gradually use a less intense prompt over successive trials
-Used in errorless teaching/errorless learning
Model/Imitative prompt
providing a model for another person to imitate in an attempt to evoke the desired behavior
What is a motivation operation (MO)?
-What motivates the individual to complete the task asked of them
-Can increase or decrease a consequence's effect on a behavior
What is a abolishing operation (AO)?
-Motivation is not present
-A previously motivating stimulus no longer has the same reinforcing effectiveness (motivating properties)
What is DISC?
The four factors in determining motivation
D: Deprivation - deprived of an item
I: Immediacy - how quickly the individual receives the reinforcement. Should be within 3 seconds of the behavior
S: Size - too much they may not be motivated anymore by it and is satiated, or too little it is not enough to be motivated
C: Contingency - If the reinforcer is reserved only for a specific behavior, it will make the motivation high for that item
What is deprivation in ABA?
-Absence of a reinforcer for a period of time
-Reinforcer is more effective
-Has increased motivating properties
What is expressive communication?
-Occurs when an individual "speaks" the behavior
-ex) "what does the dog say?" and the expressive answer would be "woof"
What is receptive communication aka listener responding?
-Occurs when an individual "listens" to the behavior
-ex) "give me the animal that says "woof" and the answer would be the client giving you a picture of a dog
What is stimulus control?
Behavior that occurs in the presence of a specific antecedent stimulus
ex) therapist has control over a child's tantrums to the extent that the child does not tantrum in the presence of a therapist, and does tantrum in the therapist's absence
What is Stimulus Control Transfer?
Involves transfer of stimulus control from an already effective stimulus to a new stimulus
ex) using two apples to teach number 2 and then fading them into the number 2
What is perfect correct?
# of correct responses/# of total responses, multiplied by 100
What is frequency?
Number of times a behavior occurs (ex. count)
ex) how many times the client taps pencil on the table
What is latency?
The duration of time between a stimulus/instruction and the beginning of response/behavior
ex) therapist provides instruction (open the book) - start timer - client starts to move hand toward book - stop timer
What is Inter Trial Interval (ITI)?
the time between the end of a trial and the beginning of the next trial
What is duration?
The time between the beginning of a response/behavior and the end of that response/behavior
ex) ask client to write name, start timer as soon as client picks up pencil and stop the timer once full name is written
What is rate?
# of responses / time
ex) 25 toe taps in 1 minute
What is permanent product recording?
Recording the effects of the behavior, not the behavior itself
ex) toys put away
What is partial interval recording?
Having intervals set (every 30 seconds), set timer for that time frame, observe client throughout the interval, mark on data sheet if behavior occured at any point in the interval period (+ or -)
What is whole interval recording?
-Have intervals set (every 30 seconds), set timer for tat time frame, observe client throughout the interval, mark on data sheet if behavior occurred throughout the entire interval period (+ or -)
What is momentary time sampling?
-Have time frame set (every 2 minutes), set timer for that time frame, when timer goes off, look at client to see if engaging in target behavior, mark on data sheet whether or not the behavior was occurring when the timer went off (+ or -)
What are the continuous measurements?
frequency, duration, latency, IRT, rate
What are te discontinuous measurements?
partial, whole and momentary time sampling
What is functional analysis?
Manipulating the environment to determine function of problem behavior
What is extinction?
Not reinforcing any instances of behavior for a previously reinforced behavior
What is extinction burst?
when a behavior is put on extinction, before the behavior stops, the behavior will increase in intensity and frequency with a new topographies
What are the four functions of behavior?
-Escape: to avoid a task or stimulus
-Automatic reinforcement: Reinforcers produced by the behavior itself without the participation of people
-Attention: attention from peers or adults
-Access to edibles or tangibles
What is spontaneous recovery?
Once a behavior is on extinction for some time, the behavior may randomly come back for a time for the individual to see if it will gain reinforcement again
What is elopement?
when the client leaves the designated area without permission
What is differential reinforcement
-rewarding desired behaviors and not rewarding undesired behaviors
-desired behaviors will increase and undesired behaviors will decrease in the future
What is differential reinforcement of alternate behavior (DRA)?
-rewarding a different behavior other than the target behavior (but is not incompatible with target behavior)
-ex) taught to raise hand instead of speaking out of turn
What is differential reinforcement of high rates of behavior (DRH)?
increasing the occurrences of a targeted behavior. This is a behavior that the individual is already displaying but needs to be performed more times a day
What is differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI)?
-rewarding a behavior that is incompatible with the problem behavior
-ex) client cannot engage in screaming if they are talking in a normal tone of voice
What is differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL)?
-reducing the occurrences of a targeted behavior but not eliminating the targeting behavior
-ex) a client says "hi" to the same adult 6 times in 1 hour, you do not want to completely eliminate this behavior but instead decrease it to 1-2 times an hour
what is differential reinforcement of other behavior? (DRO)
-rewarding any other behavior than the targeted problem behavior during a specific time period, needs to serve the same function as the undesired behavior
-ex) reinforcing good behavior every 10 minutes if client does not throw tantrum
what is shaping?
teaching a behavior by starting with a smaller and simpler task before learning a bigger and more complex task
ex) teaching echoics, mama - mmm
ma then mama
what is task analysis (TA)?
a form of chaining used to teach a complex skill by breaking it into smaller and easier steps to teach
What is chaining?
steps of a skill taught in a sequence.
systematically linking together individual skills into a larger chain of skills
What is task analysis: backward chaining?
in a backward chain you will teach the last step first
what is task analysis: forward chaining?
in a forward chain, teach the first step of the chain and then prompt through te rest
what is task analysis: total task?
in a total task, the whole task analysis is presented and only prompt when needed through the steps [Show Less]