What is stimulus control?
Occurs when an individual behaves one way in the presence of a stimulus and another way in its absence
used in ABA to teach
... [Show More] individuals to respond to cues that will allow them to learn a variety of things.
example: (a) Librarian putting finger to mouth
"shush" = behavior, group of noisy teens becoming quiet (c)
What is an antecedent? How is it used in terms of stimulus control?
Most responsible for exterting stimulus control
variables that are said to be responsible for stimulus control.
what is operant conditioning?
behavior is controlled by its consequences, behaviors increase because they are reinforced and decreased because they are punished
What is a discriminative stimlus (SD)?
Delivered to provoke an individual to engage in a particular behavior. If that behavior is immediately reinforced after it is displayed, then a connection is made between the SD and the reinforcer.
- Immediate antecedent that occurs right before the behavior.
- If SD results in the display of the behavior, they have stimulus control over the display of the behavior.
What is a naturally occurring discriminative stimulus (SD)?
EXAMPLE: Seeing a stop sign and stopping.
What are planned discriminative stimuli?
chore charts. Reminder notes to buy certain items. Schedule of afterschool activities.
How do interventionist enhance naturally occurring SD?
By moving materials that are designed to elicit behaviors in reach of the individual or out of reach using visual reminders for schedules, other activities, and appropriate behavior.
What are Distant Antecedents (motivating operations)?
antecedent events that alter the value of a reinforcer or punisher. Can also affect the display of a behavior.
EXAMPLE: running in hot weather (distant antecedent), water becomes very reinforcing, water becomes more valuable, establishes water as reinforcer, behavior of individual will change to water seeking behavior. Running in hot water = distant antecedent (motivating operation)
Water becomes reinforcer, and act of running is stimulus control.
What is Stimulus Discrimination Training?
teaching someone to respond appropriately after a cue is delivered is necessaryso they can learn what is intended vs what is not intended
What is stimulus equivilence?
Occurs when a response is correctly displayed in the presence of a stimulus that has not been trained or reinforced.
Learner has made a connection between a stimulus and the correct response without being trained on that specific stimulus.
When does stimulus equivalence occur?
in the following conditions:
reflectivity
symmetry
transitivity
What is reflectivity in terms of stimulus equivalence?
the stimulus is matched to the target response with a distracter (stimulus delta) is present. A = A (learner shown photo of golden retriever and matches it with correct photo). (learner was trained that spoken word dog meant photo of gold3en ret. then when learner saw the photo of the golden retriever they used the term dog.
What is symmetry in terms of stimulus equivalence?
stimulus and the response can be reversed (learner was trained to match identical photos of dogs, meeting this condition)
A=B (trained) b=a untrained.
A = b RBT says dog and learner selects photo of golden retreiver. b=a learner is show a photo of golden ret. and says dog.
What is transitivity in terms of stimulus equivalence?
occurs as a result of training 2 other stimulus relations.a =b, b=c (trained) a=c unrtrained
a=b rbt says dog and learner selects phot of golden retr. Trained
b=c rbt says match with dog phot of a pug is shown and amtched with golden ret. trained.
b=c rbt says mathc with dog photo of a pug is shown and matched with golden ret. trained.
a=c rbt says dog and learnr selcts photo of pug.
Learner trained that spken word dog meant photo of one type (golden ret). And then amtched the type of dog to another type of dog (pug)
what is masking?
helps to decrease the salience or importance of the stimulus masking occurs when one stomulus variable blocks the individual form responding to the intended stimulus.
ndividual knows how to put silverware away in arwaer bbut bc there are oter people talking loudly around them, they do not respond to the SD (putting silverware up)
What is overshadowing?
occurs when the decreases the salience of a stimulus. Overshadowing occurs when a stimulus designed to help an individual acquire a new behavior is interfered with by another stimulus or variable.
Sstudent not listening or paying attention while teacher is teaching long division bc classmates are laughing and maing silly faces.
How can you reduce masking and overshadowing?
BOTH HINDER STIMULUS CONTROL SO THE VARIABLES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THESE ISSUES
Rearranging physical envoironment to limit distraction
Making the sds prominent so the stand apart from other stimuli
Consistently reinforcing the behaviors that are associated with the intended stimuli
What are prompts?
extra stimuli to accompany an SD that a learner will display the correct behavior. Can be used before learner has an opportunity to respond or while learner is in the process of responding to the SD.
Verbal prompts OCCUR AFTER SD IS DELIVERED WITH THE IDEA THAT THE WILL HELP THE LEARNER DISPLAY THE BEHAVIOR THAT WAS REQURIED BY SDRBT saying SD (WHAT IS YOUR NAME)?, rbt saying verbal prompt (sam)
Learner behavior saying (sam)
What are physical prompts?
Delivered by physically guidng a learner in the behavior in the response to the sd. Most often used with young children and individuals with more sever disabilities. Since physical guidance to perform a behavior can be aversive or intrusive for some individuals, the decision to use physical prompts should be carefully considered. Some physical prompts are subtle such as touching teir elbow or full hand over hand grip.
What are stimulus prompts?
nvolve altering the physical characterisitcs of the correct response, making a gesture toward the correct response or positioning the stimulus to prompt the correct response.
Making the correct response item larger is an effective way of using a stimulus prompt
What is a stimulus control transfer?
involves fading prompts so they are not needed for the learner to perform the behavior. MUST OCCUR SO THE LEARNER CAN USE THE BEHAVIOR INDEPENDENTLY AND IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT.
What is most-to-least prompt fading
Involves moving the must intrusive to lesser intrusive prompts. Typical sequence of most to least propmpting involvs moving from a physical prompt to a visual prompt, then to a verbal and last to the learner responding to the naturally occurring sd.
Graduated guidance: physical prompts are gradually faded moving from hand over hand to touching their hand to perform a task.
What is least-to-most prompt fading?
Initially providing the least amount of assistance to the learner and more assistance with each subsequent attempt to display the behavior. Used in situations where appropriate social behaior is the goal.
Step 1: sd is delivered. Wait 3 seconds
If response has not occurred. Present the sd again along with a prompt of least assistance such a verbal prompt. Wait 3 seconds.
If the response has not occurred present the sd again along with a slightly more intrusive prompt such as gesture. Wait 3 seconds
If the response has not occurredd present the sd again along with a more intrusive prompt such as physical guidance.
What are time delay prompts?
nvolve changes to the antecdent.
First few trials, the prompt is provided with no delay
1-2 seconds after several trials the timedelay is increased to 1 or 2 seconds
If the learner is successful and responind under the 2 seconds for several trails the time delay is increased to 4 or5 [Show Less]