type 1 diabetes - ANSWER-Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin,
... [Show More] leading to high blood glucose levels. polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia.
type 2 diabetes - ANSWER-Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production.
Pathophysiology of diabetes - ANSWER-The pathophysiology of diabetes involves plasm concentrations of glucose signaling the central nervous system to mobilize energy reserves. It is based on cerebral blood flow and tissue integrity, arterial plasma glucose, the speed that plasma glucose concentrations fall, and other available metabolic fuels. Low plasma glucose causes a surge in autonomic activity.
acromegaly - ANSWER-abnormal enlargement of the extremities. occurs in adults
hyperthyroidism - ANSWER-excessive activity of the thyroid gland- >thyroxine
ØInsomnia, restlessness, tremor, irritability, palpitations, heat intolerance, diaphoresis, diarrhea, inability to concentrate that interferes with work performance; enlarged thyroid gland
ØIncreased basal metabolic rate leads to weight loss, although appetite and dietary intake increase.
hyperperathyroidism - ANSWER-Hyperparathyroidism is a condition in which one or more of the parathyroid glands become overactive and secrete too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). This causes the levels of calcium in the blood to rise, a condition known as hypercalcemia.
childhood gigantism - ANSWER-pituitary gigantism when your child's pituitary gland makes too much growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin. if not treated they will have a lower life expectancy and weak limbs. risk of cardiomegaly and heart failure
hypothyroidism - ANSWER-A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal
ØDecreased basal metabolic rate
ØWeakness, lethargy, cold intolerance, decreased appetite
ØBradycardia, narrowed pulse pressure, and mild/moderate weight gain
ØElevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides
ØEnlarged thyroid, dry skin, constipation
ØDepression, difficulties with concentration/memory
ØLoss of eyebrow
Menstrual irregularity
primary hypothyroidism - ANSWER-Hashimoto's disease (causes your immune system to mistakenly attack your thyroid) fatigue, lethargy, sensitivity to cold, depression, muscle weakness.
secondary hypothyroidism - ANSWER-low TSH low levels of T3 and T4
myxedema - ANSWER-occurs in severe or prolonged hypothyroidism.
ØGeneralized, non-pitting edema
ØDecreased level of consciousness, hypotension, hypothermia, history of precipitating event (trauma, sepsis, certain drugs)
ØMay progress to myxedema coma, a life-threatening condition if treatment not received
graves disease - ANSWER-primary hyperthyroidism
removal of thyroid
Amenorrhea - ANSWER-absence of menstruation
In primary amenorrhea, menstrual periods have never begun (by age 16), whereas secondary amenorrhea is defined as the absence of menstrual periods for three consecutive cycles or a time period of more than six months in a woman who was previously menstruating.
Addison's disease - ANSWER-occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone
adrenal gland failure
cardiogenic shock - ANSWER-A state in which not enough oxygen is delivered to the tissues of the body, caused by low output of blood from the heart. It can be a severe complication of a large acute myocardial infarction, as well as other conditions. -tachycardia, loss of consciousness, low BP
end-stage renal disease - ANSWER-The final stage of kidney failure (as that resulting from diabetes, chronic hypertension, or glomerulonephritis) is marked by the complete or nearly complete irreversible loss of renal function. Nausea.
Vomiting.
Loss of appetite.
Fatigue and weakness.
Sleep problems.
Changes in how much you urinate.
Decreased mental sharpness.
Muscle twitches and cramps.
patient has dizziness, increased heart rate, and just had dialysis, what would you do? - ANSWER-take vitals, take ECG, electrolyte panal
Cushing's disease - ANSWER-too much ACTH
gain water weight
bleed easily
bone density reduced
lathargic
moon face
personality changes
gynecomastia
Øterm only used for pituitary hyperstimulation of adrenal cortex; secretes excess cortisol
pyelonephritis - ANSWER-inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney
diabetes insipidus - ANSWER-antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its effect
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) - ANSWER-ØExcessive ADH from ectopic production from tumors, notably primary lung malignancies
ØExcess ADH stimulates renal tubules to reabsorb water despite decreased blood osmolality.
symptoms:
ØAdrenal insufficiency and hypothyroidism can cause increased ADH secretion and hyponatremia.
ØHyponatremia
ØHigh urine osmolality
ØLow serum osmolality
ØWeakness, muscle cramps, N/V, postural BP changes, poor skin turgor, fatigue, anorexia, lethargy
ØConfusion, hemiparesis, seizures, coma
aldosteronism - ANSWER-caused by an adenoma, usually unilateral, of the glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex or, more rarely, by adrenal carcinoma or hyperplasia
S/S: Muscle cramps, Weakness, Fatigue, Headache, Excessive thirst, & A frequent need to urinate.
secondary aldosteronism - ANSWER-reduced renal blood flow
S/S: High blood pressure, low level of potassium in the blood, Feeling tired all the time, Headache, Muscle weakness, Numbness.
polyurea - ANSWER-excessive urination
renal insufficiency
How is your body effected by fasting? - ANSWER-the body runs out of glucose in blood and glycogen stores in liver. hypoglycemia
glucoeogenesis - ANSWER-body produces glucose from amino acid and glycerol
polyphagia - ANSWER-excessive hunger
glycosuria - ANSWER-presence of glucose in the urine
polyuria - ANSWER-excessive urination
polydipsia - ANSWER-excessive thirst
Why do women wipe from front to back - ANSWER-it could spread e coli that can cause a UTI
decreased GFR - ANSWER-reduced kidney function that causes excess waste in the blood
What does adipose tissue have to do with type 1 diabetes - ANSWER-adipose tissue can absorb glucose
Chrones disease - ANSWER-chronic inflammation of the L. intestine. More likely in persons with depression/anxiety and between 15-25yrs. Late stage becomes fibrosed and stenosis. Tx: symptoms. S/S: abd pain, diarrhea, distention, attacks following eating, urgency to defecate. Complication: fissures, bowel obstruction. MED: Budesonide (anti-inflam steroid)
Apendisitis - ANSWER-inflammation of the appendix
Pseudomembranous colitis - ANSWER-refers to swelling or inflammation of the large intestine (colon) due to an overgrowth of Clostridioides difficile (C difficile) bacteria. This infection is a common cause of diarrhea after antibiotic use.
diverticular disease - ANSWER-condition in which bulging pouches (diverticula) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract push the mucosal lining through the surrounding muscle
primary endocrine disorder - ANSWER-dysfunction caused by the endocrine gland itself
secondary endocrine disorder - ANSWER-disease is indicative of a problem with the pituitary gland
Functions of the kidney - ANSWER-1. excrete nitrogenous waste
2. regulate blood volume
3. regulate electrolyte content
4. helps regulate acid-base balance in blood
5. produce renin which regulates blood pressure
6. produces erythropoietin which regulates rbc production
acute renal colic - ANSWER-severe flank pain
radiation to groin
vomiting and urinary symptoms
blood in the urine from kidney stones
anterior pituitary gland - ANSWER-AKA the adenohypophysis, the anterior pituitary is made of glandular tissue. It makes and secretes six different hormones: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, and growth hormone. The anterior pituitary is controlled by releasing and inhibiting factors from the hypothalamus
vagal nerve stimulation - ANSWER-Treatment for depression that places a small implant that sends electrical signals to the vagus nerve
what types of people are at risk for chronic renal failure? - ANSWER-
What causes polyuria during the stage of renal insufficiency? - ANSWER-loss of tubule function
hirsutism - ANSWER-excessive hair growth
enuresis - ANSWER-involuntary urniation
stress urinary incontinence - ANSWER-involuntary discharge of urine during coughing, straining, or sudden movements
normal micturition - ANSWER-pee
overflow incontinence - ANSWER-involuntary loss of urine associated with overdistention and overflow of the bladder
Marfan Syndrome - ANSWER-affects connective tissue; tall and thin with long arms, legs, fingers, and toes
diabetes insipidus - ANSWER-antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its effect
-dilute urine, hypernatremia, polyuria, nocturia
What are some different things that will trigger high blood sugar? - ANSWER-pain ->stress-> increased blood sugar, diet
polycystic kidney - ANSWER-clusters of cysts develop in kidneys cause enlarged kidney and lose functions over time.
horseshoe kidney - ANSWER-the two kidneys are joined together across the mid line of the body at the lower ends
hypoplasia - ANSWER-underdevelopment or incomplete development of tissue or organ
H.pylori - ANSWER-causes chronic gastritis and gastric cancer. peptic ulcer disease
oral candidiasis - ANSWER-a white deposit on the tongue which is EASILY scraped away, usually seen in immunocompromised patients
How do kidney tubules maintain normal ph in body fluids when a person has a fever? - ANSWER-secrete more acids and reabsorb more bicarbonate ions
How to treat C. diff without medicine? - ANSWER-fecal transplant
How does SIADH cause hyponatremia? - ANSWER-If water intake exceeds the reduced urine output, the ensuing water retention leads to the development of hyponatremia
What increases glomerular filtration in the body? - ANSWER-increased blood volume and increased blood pressure
What causes Cushing's syndrome? - ANSWER-medication or tumors
Pseudomembranous colitis - ANSWER-swelling or inflammation of large intestine due to C. diff, causes diarrhea after antibacterial use
feedback loop of parathyroid - ANSWER-PTH increases calcium in blood, calcitonin decreases blood calcium if it is too high
acute renal colic - ANSWER-pain from obstructed ureter by kidney stone
Syphilis - ANSWER-Treponema pallidum spirochete bacteria, causes mental deterioration and blindness
Know the different risk for hepatocellular carcinoma - ANSWER-It's also higher if the liver is scarred by infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Hepatocellular carcinoma is more common in people who drink large amounts of alcohol and who have an accumulation of fat in the liver
What hormone is released by anterior pituitary gland? - ANSWER-The anterior pituitary produces seven hormones. These are the growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), beta-endorphin, and prolactin.
What is vagal nerve stimulation? - ANSWER-prevent seizures by sending regular, mild pulses of electrical energy to the brain via the vagus nerve.
What type of people is at risk for chronic renal failure? - ANSWER-being African-American descent, olde [Show Less]