Physiological response to fight or flight, assessment findings? - ANSWER-Increased blood pressure, heart rate and dilated pupils.
What is homeostasis?
... [Show More] - ANSWER-A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any body chemistry.
Function of ribosomes? - ANSWER-Site of protein synthesis
What is the difference between a sign and a symptom? - ANSWER-Sign- objective Symptom- subjective
What electrolytes are found more in intracellular space, and extracellular space? - ANSWER-Potassium, Magnesium and Phosphorous are in the intracellular. Sodium, bicarb and chloride is in the extracellular.
Possible lethal effect of HYPOnatremia - ANSWER-Cerebral Edema. More water than sodium in the body so the brain cells swell.
What is an electrolyte pool? - ANSWER-For the bones it serves as a reservoir of calcium, magnesium, phosphate ions.
Cause of edema- regarding protein? - ANSWER-Increased interstitial fluid osmotic pressure, loss of plasma proteins.
What is anaphylaxis? S/S? - ANSWER-Excessive immune response. Narrows the bronchial, Increased capillary permeability, increased vasodilation, blood vessel cells shrink)
S/S- feeling lightheadedness or faint, difficulty breathing, wheezing, fast heartbeat.
What is passive immunity? - ANSWER-Immunity that you get from mother to baby through breastmilk or blood in the placenta.
What are the characteristics of metastatic cells? - ANSWER-Spread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body. They also invade their neighbor cells and take over them.
What is sepsis? Goal of treatment. - ANSWER-Fungal, bacterial, viral in the bloodsteam that causes a severe inflammatory response. Treat the cause is the goal of treatment
Best way to prevent spread of diseases? - ANSWER-Hand-washing
Complication of compartment syndrome? - ANSWER-Tissue damage and pain.
Cause of Rheumatoid Arthritis? - ANSWER-Excessive autoimmune response by attack your joints and organs.
Cause of contact dermatitis? - ANSWER-Contact with irritants (chemicals or substances)
Identify Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis. - ANSWER-(hunchback upper curvature), (inward lower curvature), and (s-shaped curvature)
What is osteoporosis? - ANSWER-Body's bones become weak and break easily. Imbalance between osteoclasts (break down bone) and osteoblasts (build up bone).
What is intussusception? - ANSWER-When the bowel collapse into one another. Causes a mechanical bowel obstruction.
H. Pylori- What is it and what does it cause. - ANSWER-You get it from Fecal-oral route. This causes peptic ulcer disease.
Signs/Symptoms of appendicitis - ANSWER-RLQ abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, rebound tenderness. Inflammation of the peritoneum. (rebound tenderness)
S/S of Liver Disease - ANSWER-Jaundice in eyes and skin, distented abdomen, confusion from ammonia buildup.
Cause of hepatic encephalopathy - ANSWER-too much ammonia buildup in the blood due to liver disease.
What causes esophageal varices? - ANSWER-dilated blood vessels within esophagus due to liver failure and portal hypertension, cirrhosis of the liver, liver dysfunction.
What causes jaundice? - ANSWER-Buildup of bilirubin when you have liver disease.
HPV puts the patient at risk for what? - ANSWER-cervical cancer
What puts patients at risk for esophageal cancer? What are the S/S - ANSWER-GERD. S/S-difficulty swallowing, cough, weight loss, chest pain and blood in the emesis.
What hormone do the kidney secrete that influence blood production? - ANSWER-erythropoietin
What is cystitis?
Which bacteria cause most cases of cystitis?
What is pyelonephritis? - ANSWER-inflammation of the bladder (UTI)
E.Coli
infected and inflamed kidney, usually caused by e.coli from the lower urinary tract that ascends to the kidney.
What is oliguria?
Polyuria? - ANSWER-Decreased urine output
pee a lot
What does CVA tenderness indicate? - ANSWER-Kidney stones, infection or disease.
What causes stress incontinence? - ANSWER-increased intraabdominal pressure by coughing, laughing.
What is the purpose of dialysis for a patient with kidney disease? - ANSWER-To remove excess fluid and wastes out of the bloodstream
Cause of prerenal kidney injury? - ANSWER-Disruption/diminishing to renal perfusion (something is affecting the flow of blood to the kidney) Ex. Blood clot, heart failure, hypotension, shock and severe sepsis.
RAAS System - ANSWER-When your BP drops, your kidneys spit out renin via the JGA. Angiotensin 2 causes vasoconstriction. It also causes your adrenal glands to put out aldosterone. Holds in water and sodium. Helps to raise BP
What does the endocrine system produce? - ANSWER-hormones
What is a complication in type 1 diabetic patients where fats are being broken down for energy? - ANSWER-DKA
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus? - ANSWER-Type 1- Diagnosed in young children/adolescents, Autoimmune disorder- beta cells in pancreas destroyed, Unable to produce insulin. Type 2- Cells become resistant to insulin, decrease insulin receptors on target cells (unable to bind to target cells.)
What does the hormone insulin do? - ANSWER-Allows glucose to enter your body to produce energy.
What does the hormone glucagon do? - ANSWER-Counteracts with the insulin by stimulating hepatic glucose production.
What is SIADH? - ANSWER-syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, High ADH, retain water and sodium decreases (hyponatremia)
What electrolyte disorder is associated with SIADH? - ANSWER-hyponatremia (can lead to cerebral edema)
What is DI? - ANSWER-diabetes insipidus- Low ADH, pees a lot and sodium increases (hypernatremia)
Clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism - ANSWER-Insomnia, restlessness, tremor, palpitations, heat intolerance, diaphoresis, diarrhea, and amenorrhea (scant menses), heart rate increases.
Clinical Manifestations of HYPO thyroid - ANSWER-SLOWS DOWN fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, weight gain
Abnormal functioning of the parathyroid glands can lead to which electrolyte imbalance?
Which hormone decreases this electrolyte? - ANSWER-Hypercalcemia
Calcitonin
Cause of Cushing's Disease - ANSWER-Too much cortisol and increased glucocorticoids.
Cause of gout - ANSWER-Disorder in which disturbance of uric acid metabolism leads to deposition of uric acid crystals in joints - risk increases with age.
What condition is the result of excess growth hormone in childhood?
Adulthood? - ANSWER-Gigantism
Acromegaly
What is multiple sclerosis? - ANSWER-Myelin sheath destruction. disruptions in nerve impulse conduction
What happens in Myasthenia Gravis? - ANSWER-Immune system produces antibodies that block or destroy many of your muscle receptors, not enough acetylcoline.
Glasgow Coma Scale - what does this scale measure. - ANSWER-Measures your level of consciousness and see if you respond to voices and if you are in coma or unresponsive.
Cause of brain damage in cerebral palsy?
When does it happen? - ANSWER-Paralysis caused by damage to the area of the brain responsible for movement.
Interruption of oxygen supply to the fetus and brain asphyxia were classically considered to be the main causal factors explaining later CP. But clinically defined birth injury or birth asphyxia account for a minority of cases of CP.
Most sensitive indication of altered brain function? - ANSWER-Changes in LOC.
Characteristics of Parkinson's Disease - ANSWER-Tremor, Bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability and decreased dopamine.
What are encephalitis and meningitis? - ANSWER-Meningitis is an infection of the meninges, the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain itself.
How to you prevent further damage in spinal cord injury? - ANSWER-Immobilizing spine, neck collar, carrying board
Mechanism of injury in spinal cord injury - ANSWER-hyper-flexion (m'mt forward), hyperextension (m'mt backward), compression
What are the physiological causes of increased intracranial pressure? - ANSWER-Compression, decreased tissue oxygenation, decreased perfusion and inflammation
Types of CVA
Gold Standard for Diagnosis? - ANSWER-Hemorrhagic and Ischemic Stroke
Gold standard is a CT scan
What is a TIA? - ANSWER-Transient Ischemic Attack, mini stroke.
What kind of seizure is a result of abnormal neuronal firing on both sides of the brain? - ANSWER-Generalized seizure. (Grand-Mal Seizure)
What is the process of moving air into the lungs called? - ANSWER-Ventilation
Clinical Manifestations of a pt with acute respiratory failure or ARDS?
What would we expect the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels to be? - ANSWER-Dyspnea and tachycardia, crackles and sputum is frothy.
Oxygen decreased and CO2 increased
What is a tension pneumothorax? - ANSWER-a life-threatening condition that is an accumulation of air in the pleural space, lung collapses (VERY IMPORTANT) and ribcage springs out.
Findings in hypoventilation? - ANSWER-Increased CO2 and decreased O2 leading to hypoxemia
Who is at risk for pneumonia? - ANSWER-Asthma, COPD, heart disease and smoking pts
Know the normal ABGs and what they indicated. - ANSWER-pH-7.35-7.45, PaCO2-(Alkalosis)35-45(acidosis)
HCO3-22-26 [Show Less]