PSYCH 111 Exam 2 Questions & Answers
CHAPTER 7: (56 Questions)
Q: Sexual orientation is best defined as .
A: a stable pattern of attraction to
... [Show More] members of a particular sex
Q: As part of his honor’s thesis, Braydon develops a survey to evaluate the updated hierarchy of needs of Kenrick and colleagues, specifically in young adult men and women. Braydon is most interested in determining if men and women differ in the highest level of motivation, which is .
A: parenting
Q: What two hormones are associated with romantic love?
A: vasopressin and oxytocin
Q: Which scenario supports the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
A: Aaron relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.
Q: Children who are highly responsive and show strong emotional reactions to novel
stimuli are more likely to be
A: overly anxious
adults.
Q: According to contemporary views of emotion, an emphasis on what factor may account for the vast range of emotional reactions that individuals have toward the same event?
A: appraisal
Q: Which model or theory proposes that emotions act as a reservoir that fills up and spills over, and that expressing these emotions will reduce arousal?
A: catharsis theory
Q: In a study of Japanese and American individuals (Matsumoto et al., 2002), how did the two cultures differ with regards to reading emotions?
A: The Japanese interpreted low intensity emotions as being understated; Americans interpreted high intensity emotions as exaggerated.
Q: What is the evidence to suggest that exposure to sex hormones in the womb affects sexual orientation?
A: Females exposed to higher than normal levels of male hormones in the womb develop male external genitalia and report more same-sex sexual activity.
Q: When asked to identify what is most important to their happiness, an overwhelming
majority of people typically rated
A: intimacy
at the top of their list.
Q: What evidence illustrates that the need for affiliation has a genetic component?
A: Twin studies show that set points for the need for affiliation are influenced by genetics.
Q: According to research (Cacioppo, Berntson, Norris, & Gollan, 2011), why do humans place a general priority on negative emotions over positive emotions?
A: Negative emotions signal more serious threats to survival.
Q: The emotional quality of pain likely results from information processing at which level of the brain?
A: cingulate cortex
Q: Sally loves to run, and works jogging into her daily schedule because of the “runner’s high” she experiences. Sally is motivated by a(n) reward.
A: intrinsic
Q: Drive theories of motivation are often described as “ ” theories.
A: push
Q: Gaia glances over at her roommate, who is on the phone with her mother. She watches as her roommate’s facial expressions change from happy – to sad – to angry – as she progresses through the phone conversation. What area of Gaia’s brain is most likely to change activity as she processes the different facial expressions?
A: amygdala
Q: Dr. Pollini is investigating how the brain regulates patterns of eating behavior. He performs an experiment and finds that lesioning a particular brain region causes rodents to significantly increase their food intake and to gain weight. What area of the brain has Dr. Pollini lesioned?
A: ventromedial hypothalamus
Q: Why are men with older brothers, but not men with older sisters or those who are only children, more likely to be gay?
A: A mother’s heightened immunological response with subsequent male-fetus pregnancies affects brain development.
Q: Patient S.M., who was unable to detect negative emotion in music and fear in images, suffered damage to which brain region?
A: amygdala
Q: Dr. Pasantes is investigating how the brain regulates patterns of eating behavior. She performs an experiment and finds that lesioning a particular brain region causes rodents to completely stop eating. What area of the brain has Dr. Pasantes lesioned?
A: lateral hypothalamus
Q: In one study (Twenge, Baumeister, Tice, & Stucke, 2001), students who were told that a personality test revealed that they were “the type likely to end up alone later in life”
were more likely to .
A: act aggressively
Q: The Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion (SAME) provides a middle ground between which two theories of emotion?
A: The James-Lange theory and the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
Q: Suppose that it is 1964, and that Betty, a homemaker who put on weight with each of her three pregnancies, wants to lose twenty pounds. What medication would have been prescribed to Betty at that time to help her lose weight?
A: amphetamines
Q: Hours into their cross country road trip, Omar and Carl are famished. The two friends argue about what to do. Should they stop at a highway rest stop, or search for a place to eat in the nearest town? They decide to stop this time at a rest stop, and next time in town. How is motivation demonstrated in this scenario?
A: They seek to eat food.
Q: Interested in losing weight, Patrick seeks the advice of his doctor. Dr. Burns recommends a medication that can help Patrick by inhibiting the absorption of fats by the digestive tract. What medication is Patrick’s doctor recommending?
A: orlistat
Q: Which model or theory of emotion proposes that general arousal leads to assessment, which in turn leads to subjective feelings?
A: Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
Q: According to Maslow, what is at the pinnacle of human motivation?
A: self-actualization
Q: A cultural norm that specifies when, where, and how a person should express an emotion is referred to as a .
A: display rule
Q: According to a study (Matsumoto, Yoo, and Nakagawa, 2008), individuals from which nation are most likely to show emotion freely?
A: Switzerland
Q: According to research (Kirk, Bailey, & Martin, 2000), if one identical male twin is homosexual, his twin has what percent chance of also being homosexual?
A: 50%
Q: Selena has suffered from bulimia nervosa for several years. She finally seeks professional help and is surprised to find out that medication can help her. What type of medication would be most helpful for Selena?
A: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Q: Following a serious automobile accident several months ago, Lata is not able to read her bosses facial expressions to determine if he is happy or disappointed with her performance. Lata likely suffered damage to her .
A: insula
Q: We can think of motivation as a process that maintains .
A: homeostasis
Q: According to research (van Anders, Hamilton, & Watson, 2007), who is likely to have the highest testosterone levels?
A: Sergio, who has been married for fourteen years to Sarafena, but also has a mistress, Donatella, whom he has been seeing for the last ten years
Q: Individual differences in emotional intelligence are most predictive of .
A: the success of relationships
Q: Why are diabetics with high blood glucose levels likely to report feeling hungry?
A: Because their cells are deprived of glucose
Q: According to the Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion (SAME), which scenario is likely to elicit the slowest emotional response?
A: Tyrone looks over his annual progress report from his boss; the comments are mostly positive and he is proud of his accomplishments.
Q: Which brain region coordinates movements in response to emotional stimuli?
A: basal ganglia
Q: Following his afternoon classes, Darren stops at the cafeteria and eats a burger and fries. If you were to run a blood test on Darren shortly after his meal, what would you expect to find?
A: high glucose; high insulin
Q: Why has our contemporary, sedentary lifestyle, with many people spending hours sitting in front of televisions or computers, contributed to a significant rise in obesity? A: Because humans use energy very efficiently
Q: A state of tension and arousal triggered by cues important for survival is referred to as
.
A: drive
Q: The binge-purge cycling of bulimia involves processes similar to those of .
A: addiction
Q: Which researcher supports an incentive theory of motivation?
A: Dr. Stern, who believes that “rewards play a central role in shaping motivation”
Q: Molly is hungry. She passes right by the fruit basket on her kitchen counter and instead, grabs the ice cream out of the freezer. Molly’s behavior demonstrates what about human food preferences?
A: We retain the preferences of our ancestors for calorie-rich foods to ward off starvation.
Q: Of the following, who displays characteristics most consistent with high levels of achievement motivation?
A: Devlin, who feels frustrated when his professor gives him a check mark on a writing assignment instead of a grade
Q: Maslow’s view of motivation is best described as a .
A: pyramid of needs
Q: The height-to-weight ratio used to identify healthy weight, underweight, overweight, and obesity is referred to as the .
A: body mass index
Q: Which model or theory of emotion proposes that there is a simultaneous and independent occurrence of physical sensations and subjective feelings during an emotional experience?
A: Cannon-Bard theory
Q: According to research (Stacher, 1986), what hormone contributes to feelings of satiety in response to the ingestion of food?
A: cholecystokinin
Q: According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908).
A: the ideal amount of arousal interacts with the complexity of a task
Q: What hormonal differences in women cause them to be more likely than men to equate sexual desire with feelings of romantic love?
A: higher oxytocin and lower testosterone
Q: Brianna suffers from anorexia nervosa. In addition to having an unusually low body weight, she has irregular menstrual cycles, feels cold constantly, and has skin that appears
.
A: dry with a yellow tint
Q: Which scenario supports the James-Lange theory of emotion?
A: Micah wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from ear-to-ear and laugh out loud, and then he begins to feel happy.
Q: Abnormal development of the amygdala is associated with which disorder?
A: autism
Q: Dr. Burke performs a neurological examination on his patient Ishmael. At one point he asks Ishmael to smile, but Ishmael produces only a crooked smirk. At the end of the examination, Ishmael tells Dr. Burke a humorous story, at which point Ishmael smiles ear-to-ear. Dr. Burke suspects that Ishmael suffered damage to his .
A: motor cortex
Q: What was Walter Cannon’s hypothesis regarding hunger cues (Cannon & Washburn, 1912)?
A: Hunger correlates with the extent of stomach contractions.
CHAPTER 8: (62 Questions)
Q: As Ronnie hears a song on the radio, she feels stressed: her heart races, her hands became clammy, and her breathing became rapid. The song is familiar because it was very popular at a time when her parents were going through a divorce. During this time, they fought bitterly with one another, causing Ronnie intense anxiety. In this scenario, identify the following in the same respective order: the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response, and the unconditioned response.
A: song; parents fighting; anxiety towards song; anxiety towards parents fighting
Q: The learned ability to distinguish between stimuli is referred to as .
A: discrimination
Q: Learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to a specific stimulus is referred to as .
A: nonassociative learning
Q: Keller and Marion Breland, two of B. F. Skinner’s former students who used operant conditioning to train animals for entertainment, encountered .
A: biological boundaries
Q: Thorndike’s Law of Effect states that behavior is .
A: engrained relative to the consequences of the behavior
Q: The formation of associations between two stimuli, which occur sequentially in time, is referred to as .
A: classical conditioning
Q: Which process gives organisms the flexibility to survive in a changing world?
A: learning
Q: Which of the following is an example of nonassociative learning?
A: Andrea recently learned how to drive a car. At first she found merging into highway traffic very stressful, but now can do it with ease.
Q: Peter’s father normally arrives home from work in a terrible mood, causing Peter extreme anxiety. However, when Peter sees that his father is wearing sweat pants, Peter
feels at ease, knowing that his father has been home from work for awhile. Peter’s distinct responses towards his father illustrates .
A: inhibition
Q: Lucia, who experiences extreme anxiety when taking an exam, practices meditation breathing to reduce her anxiety prior to taking a test. Her meditation breathing is an example of a .
A: negative reinforcer
Q: Based on a patient’s prior experience with medicine, which mode of learning is likely responsible for the efficacy of the placebo effect?
A: classical conditioning
Q: Based on the work of Richard Dawkins, the basic unit of cultural transmission is known as a(n) .
A: meme
Q: As a gate creaks open, Oscar the puppy notices a cat heading into his yard. The cat hisses and scratches Oscar on the nose, causing Oscar to yelp in pain. Which outcome to this scenario portrays higher order conditioning?
A: Now when Oscar hears a gate creak, regardless of who is coming through it, he runs away.
Q: A reinforcer that gains value from being associated with other things that are valued is called a(n) .
A: conditioned reinforcer
Q: Mirror neurons play a key role in which of the following processes?
A: imitation
Q: Which of the following is an example of a fixed ratio schedule?
A: Sam earns extra money by mowing his neighbors’ lawns in the summer and shoveling their driveways and sidewalks in the winter. He charges $20 per job. [Show Less]