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PSYCH 111 Exam 1-3 Questions & Answers Provided and Graded A+
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PSYCH 111 Exam 1 Questions & Answers Latest Update
PSYCH 111 Exam 1 Questions & Answers CHAPTER 1 Q: Which leading behaviorist proposed the law of effect? A: Edward Thorndike Q: The authors of thi... [Show More] s text believe that the future of psychology will . A: combine and integrate new and existing perspectives Q: As part of their effort to measure behavior carefully, many behaviorists restricted their research to studies using . A: animals Q: Beth has always enjoyed solving theoretical problems, is very good at math and statistics, and is excited to learn more about experimental design. She may be most interested in the track of psychology. A: experimental Q: The relationship between behavior and biology is . A: reciprocal: biology affects behavior and vice versa Q: In what way did ancient physicians contribute to contemporary psychology? A: By studying the nervous system and developing the scientific method Q: Which of the following is an application of Skinner’s behaviorism? A: Doug needs to lose a few pounds, and has a rule that if he eats a dessert, he must go for a five-mile run. Q: Who was a vocal proponent of dualism? A: René Descartes Q: Which of the following best describes the British empiricists’ view of the mind? A: Infants learn to process language entirely based on their sensory experiences. Q: Valerie recently lost her sister to suicide. She is having difficulty sleeping, feels hopeless about the future, and is easily startled or frightened. Her doctor recommends that she participate in a discussion group led by a social worker to connect with others who are going through a similar experience. Which approach to psychological disorders does this exemplify? A: The psychological model Q: The ancient Greek philosopher Plato was one of the earliest thinkers to address the question, “What is the mind?” He viewed the mind as three parts that must be in balance: . A: reason, spirit, and appetite Q: If we restrict our thinking about an aspect of mind to the information provided by one perspective, at worst, the result may . A: lead us in the wrong direction Q: Which of the following statements about Freud’s work is true? A: His theories do not lend themselves to experimentation. Q: Which of the following refers to the very private and internal mental processes that the behaviorists avoided studying—information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving? A: cognition Q: Any science that studies nonliving matter, including physics, chemistry, astronomy, and geology, is called a(n) science. A: physical Q: A doctor notices that many soldiers returning from fighting in the trenches in World War I were highly anxious, fearful of loud noises, and having difficulty reconnecting with their families. He asks them to record personal observations of their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a journal. This process is called . A: introspection Q: Our judicial system relies heavily on eyewitness testimony; however, as informs us, eyewitness testimony can be shaped by a community’s perceptions of race. A: social psychology Q: When psychologists examine psychological phenomena from different perspectives, it . A: indicates different points of view about behavior Q: Which of the following statements is an example of humanistic influence? A: “I hear what you’re saying.” Q: The psychological perspective that examines the effects of the social environment on the behavior of individuals is called psychology. A: social Q: Contemporary scientists studying the brain are . A: monists Q: Rosa, a doctoral student in psychology, observes that one of her young study participants grimaces after taking a bite of broccoli. His facial expression is an example of . A: a behavior Q: Which of the following best represents a cognitive approach to childhood language learning? A: Children are born with innate mechanisms for learning language. Q: Which of the following research questions is most likely to be asked by a cognitive psychologist? A: Do students learn material better when the learning takes place over time or when they “cram” for an exam? Q: Which of the following most closely paraphrases Watson’s views regarding human behavior? A: I can raise any child to be an artist, regardless of her tendencies. Q: Alejandro is developing a preliminary research study to address the question of whether four-year-olds who are asked to delay gratification (e.g., to delay eating candy) perform differently in solitude than with other four- year-olds. Which combination of research perspectives would be best for this preliminary study? A: developmental psychology and social psychology Q: Who contributed ideas about the unconscious mind, the development of sexuality, dream analysis, psychological roots of abnormal behavior, personality, and therapy? A: Sigmund Freud Q: William James’ impact on contemporary psychology is evidenced by the fact that functionalism . A: was absorbed into mainstream psychology Q: It is difficult for others to confirm an individual’s subjective introspections; therefore, this approach does not lend itself well to . A: the scientific method Q: Which of the following is least likely to be an example of classical conditioning? A: A child hears a police siren for the first time and cries. Q: In the 1970s, what initiated an explosion of knowledge about the connections between brain and behavior? A: New methods for observing brain activity Q: By the 1950s, the behaviorists’ disinterest in mental states and activity was challenged by scientists from diverse fields, including linguistics and computer science, leading to . A: a cognitive revolution Q: Edward has a fear of being contaminated when shaking hands with others, touching doorknobs, and being in crowded public spaces such as subway cars. He washes his hands roughly 100 times a day. His doctor has recently prescribed an antidepressant to increase his level of serotonin. Which approach to psychological disorders does this exemplify? A: The medical model Q: Empiricism profoundly influenced the foundations of . A: science Q: Josh has a doctoral degree in psychology and is a therapist in New York. His sister Sarah has a medical degree and is in a residency program for psychiatry. Currently, the biggest difference between the two professions is that, in contrast to Josh, Sarah can . A: prescribe medication Q: While attending the opening of her friend’s art exhibit, Lisbeth weighs the pros and cons of having a third glass of wine. In Plato’s version of the mind, this is the role of the . A: driver Q: Psychology as a hub science tells us that . A: many disciplines require an in-depth understanding of people Q: More recently, clinical and counseling psychologists have expanded their perspective to include . A: the promotion of general well-being Q: Between the 17th and 19th centuries, supernatural explanations for psychological disorders began to give way to two scientific approaches: . A: a medical model and a psychological model Q: The psychological perspective that seeks to explain, define, and treat abnormal behaviors is called . A: clinical psychology Q: Skinner generalized his findings to complex human behaviors even though his subject pool was limited to . A: rats and pigeons Q: Contrary to popular belief during his time, Hermann von Helmholtz’s work on nerve conduction showed that . A: behavior is not instantaneous Q: John B. Watson was . A: a leading behaviorist Q: Amber is fascinated by forensic psychology, the application of psychology to the study of crime and the legal system. This is an example of a(n) track of psychology. A: applied Q: The discipline that systematically examines basic concepts, including the source of knowledge, is called . A: philosophy Q: As a discipline, psychology dates back to . A: the Roman Empire Q: Who is a leading cognitive psychologist? A: Ulric Neisser Q: With the exception of occasional bursts of insight from the Egyptians and Greeks, the most common view of psychological disorders over the course of history has been that they . A: resulted from the actions of evil spirits or other external, magical forces Q: Although the bulk of psychology focuses on human behavior, studying animal behavior has been an essential part of the discipline that allows for . A: making essential comparisons with humans Q: Humanistic psychologists believed that . A: people only behave badly when corrupted by society Q: Which of the following is one of the greatest contributions of empiricism? A: The idea that the brain is the essence of the mind. Q: Which of the following describes Wundt’s use of introspection as an experimental technique? A: The participants in his study pressed a telegraph key as soon as they heard a ball drop onto a platform, indicating their internal state. Q: When psychologists examine psychological phenomena from different perspectives, it . A: indicates different points of view about behavior Q: An approach to psychology that sees people as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve is called . A: humanistic psychology Q: The word psychology is a combination of two Greek words: psyche (or psuche), meaning the soul, and logos, meaning the . A: study of Q: Recognizing individual differences is especially important to psychologists interested in variations in an individual’s characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving. This is referred to as . A: personality Q: A biological psychologist studies the effects of amphetamine on aggression in rhesus monkeys. However, to the researcher’s surprise, the experimental results differ for isolated monkeys versus monkeys in a colony. What is missing from this experiment? A: The social psychology perspective Q: Which of the following is most likely to be the topic of research of a biological psychologist? A: Do stress hormones due to abuse in early childhood affect the ability to form memories? Q: Throughout his discussions of mental processes and behavior, James emphasized the role of . A: evolution Q: The psychological perspective that investigates how physical structure and behavior have been shaped by their contributions to survival and reproduction is called psychology. A: evolutionary Q: Walter is applying to graduate programs in psychology and is curious about current trends in the field. What trend is occurring in many psychology graduate school programs? A: Students are trained in combined specialties. Q: In Thorndike’s experiment on trial and error learning, the cat would escape a puzzle box faster and faster on progressive trials. In other words, the cat . A: repeated effective behaviors and abandoned ineffective ones Q: A leading humanist thinker who introduced a major theory of motivation with a goal of self-actualization is . A: Abraham Maslow Q: The psychological perspective that seeks to explain, define, and treat abnormal behaviors is called . A: clinical psychology Q: The Gestalt movement traces its origin to a single experiment conducted by Max Wertheimer in 1912 that demonstrated the . A: apparent movement of stationary objects Q: A leading behaviorist who first explored classical conditioning is . A: Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Q: Which of the following titles suggests monism? A: We All Are One, by Jimmy Cliff CHAPTER 2: Q: A research method that tests hypotheses and allows researchers to make conclusions about causality is called a(n) . A: experiment Q: Surveys results can be influenced by people’s natural tendency to want to appear socially appropriate because surveys rely on . A: self-report Q: One important difference between science and everyday observations is that science relies on . A: objectivity Q: Dr. Crane is studying patients who are in the residual phase of schizophrenia. His colleague, Dr. Mellus, takes detailed notes during a series of interviews and interactions that Dr. Crane has with one such patient for later analysis. What research method are these doctors employing? A: case study Q: A group of participants that is exposed to the independent variable is called a(n) . A: experimental group Q: The news headline, “Recession Spurs Young in U.S. to Forgo or Delay Marriage,” described . A: data that could have been explained by the trend for Americans to marry at later ages Q: A subset of a population being studied is called a . A: sample Q: Participants in an experiment on stress management are given stress reduction techniques and then measured for the effect. What is the role of the control group in this experiment? A: They receive no techniques at all, but they are measured. Q: The process of having other experts examine research prior to its publication is called . A: peer review Q: Neil has gathered data regarding self-report of successful smoking cessation. He finds that one of the eight methods used by study participants accounts for a high proportion of the successes. The most useful measure of central tendency to report would be the . A: mode Q: Which of the following questions demonstrates critical thinking? A: What evidence supports this position? Q: Tomoko is developing a survey regarding anger management. Respondents rate their level of agreement with each item on a scale of one to five. Item 4 states: “Given enough provocation, I may swear at a friend or family member.” Item 12 states: “I can think of no good reason for ever swearing at a friend or family member.” These questions seek to determine . A: internal consistency Q: Defining variables in practical terms is called . A: operationalization Q: An inactive substance or treatment that cannot be distinguished from a real, active substance or treatment is called a . A: placebo Q: Participants in the following surveys are guaranteed that their answers will remain confidential and anonymous. In which case are survey respondents least likely to shade the truth? A: A survey regarding preferences as to online news sources [Show Less]
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PSYCH 111 Exam 2 Questions with Answers
PSYCH 111 Exam 2 Questions & Answers CHAPTER 7: (56 Questions) Q: Sexual orientation is best defined as . A: a stable pattern of attraction to members... [Show More] of a particular sex Q: As part of his honor’s thesis, Braydon develops a survey to evaluate the updated hierarchy of needs of Kenrick and colleagues, specifically in young adult men and women. Braydon is most interested in determining if men and women differ in the highest level of motivation, which is . A: parenting Q: What two hormones are associated with romantic love? A: vasopressin and oxytocin Q: Which scenario supports the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion? A: Aaron relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat. Q: Children who are highly responsive and show strong emotional reactions to novel stimuli are more likely to be A: overly anxious adults. Q: According to contemporary views of emotion, an emphasis on what factor may account for the vast range of emotional reactions that individuals have toward the same event? A: appraisal Q: Which model or theory proposes that emotions act as a reservoir that fills up and spills over, and that expressing these emotions will reduce arousal? A: catharsis theory Q: In a study of Japanese and American individuals (Matsumoto et al., 2002), how did the two cultures differ with regards to reading emotions? A: The Japanese interpreted low intensity emotions as being understated; Americans interpreted high intensity emotions as exaggerated. Q: What is the evidence to suggest that exposure to sex hormones in the womb affects sexual orientation? A: Females exposed to higher than normal levels of male hormones in the womb develop male external genitalia and report more same-sex sexual activity. Q: When asked to identify what is most important to their happiness, an overwhelming majority of people typically rated A: intimacy at the top of their list. Q: What evidence illustrates that the need for affiliation has a genetic component? A: Twin studies show that set points for the need for affiliation are influenced by genetics. Q: According to research (Cacioppo, Berntson, Norris, & Gollan, 2011), why do humans place a general priority on negative emotions over positive emotions? A: Negative emotions signal more serious threats to survival. Q: The emotional quality of pain likely results from information processing at which level of the brain? A: cingulate cortex Q: Sally loves to run, and works jogging into her daily schedule because of the “runner’s high” she experiences. Sally is motivated by a(n) reward. A: intrinsic Q: Drive theories of motivation are often described as “ ” theories. A: push Q: Gaia glances over at her roommate, who is on the phone with her mother. She watches as her roommate’s facial expressions change from happy – to sad – to angry – as she progresses through the phone conversation. What area of Gaia’s brain is most likely to change activity as she processes the different facial expressions? A: amygdala Q: Dr. Pollini is investigating how the brain regulates patterns of eating behavior. He performs an experiment and finds that lesioning a particular brain region causes rodents to significantly increase their food intake and to gain weight. What area of the brain has Dr. Pollini lesioned? A: ventromedial hypothalamus Q: Why are men with older brothers, but not men with older sisters or those who are only children, more likely to be gay? A: A mother’s heightened immunological response with subsequent male-fetus pregnancies affects brain development. Q: Patient S.M., who was unable to detect negative emotion in music and fear in images, suffered damage to which brain region? A: amygdala Q: Dr. Pasantes is investigating how the brain regulates patterns of eating behavior. She performs an experiment and finds that lesioning a particular brain region causes rodents to completely stop eating. What area of the brain has Dr. Pasantes lesioned? A: lateral hypothalamus Q: In one study (Twenge, Baumeister, Tice, & Stucke, 2001), students who were told that a personality test revealed that they were “the type likely to end up alone later in life” were more likely to . A: act aggressively Q: The Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion (SAME) provides a middle ground between which two theories of emotion? A: The James-Lange theory and the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory Q: Suppose that it is 1964, and that Betty, a homemaker who put on weight with each of her three pregnancies, wants to lose twenty pounds. What medication would have been prescribed to Betty at that time to help her lose weight? A: amphetamines Q: Hours into their cross country road trip, Omar and Carl are famished. The two friends argue about what to do. Should they stop at a highway rest stop, or search for a place to eat in the nearest town? They decide to stop this time at a rest stop, and next time in town. How is motivation demonstrated in this scenario? A: They seek to eat food. Q: Interested in losing weight, Patrick seeks the advice of his doctor. Dr. Burns recommends a medication that can help Patrick by inhibiting the absorption of fats by the digestive tract. What medication is Patrick’s doctor recommending? A: orlistat Q: Which model or theory of emotion proposes that general arousal leads to assessment, which in turn leads to subjective feelings? A: Schachter-Singer two-factor theory Q: According to Maslow, what is at the pinnacle of human motivation? A: self-actualization Q: A cultural norm that specifies when, where, and how a person should express an emotion is referred to as a . A: display rule Q: According to a study (Matsumoto, Yoo, and Nakagawa, 2008), individuals from which nation are most likely to show emotion freely? A: Switzerland Q: According to research (Kirk, Bailey, & Martin, 2000), if one identical male twin is homosexual, his twin has what percent chance of also being homosexual? A: 50% Q: Selena has suffered from bulimia nervosa for several years. She finally seeks professional help and is surprised to find out that medication can help her. What type of medication would be most helpful for Selena? A: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Q: Following a serious automobile accident several months ago, Lata is not able to read her bosses facial expressions to determine if he is happy or disappointed with her performance. Lata likely suffered damage to her . A: insula Q: We can think of motivation as a process that maintains . A: homeostasis Q: According to research (van Anders, Hamilton, & Watson, 2007), who is likely to have the highest testosterone levels? A: Sergio, who has been married for fourteen years to Sarafena, but also has a mistress, Donatella, whom he has been seeing for the last ten years Q: Individual differences in emotional intelligence are most predictive of . A: the success of relationships Q: Why are diabetics with high blood glucose levels likely to report feeling hungry? A: Because their cells are deprived of glucose Q: According to the Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion (SAME), which scenario is likely to elicit the slowest emotional response? A: Tyrone looks over his annual progress report from his boss; the comments are mostly positive and he is proud of his accomplishments. Q: Which brain region coordinates movements in response to emotional stimuli? A: basal ganglia Q: Following his afternoon classes, Darren stops at the cafeteria and eats a burger and fries. If you were to run a blood test on Darren shortly after his meal, what would you expect to find? A: high glucose; high insulin Q: Why has our contemporary, sedentary lifestyle, with many people spending hours sitting in front of televisions or computers, contributed to a significant rise in obesity? A: Because humans use energy very efficiently Q: A state of tension and arousal triggered by cues important for survival is referred to as . A: drive Q: The binge-purge cycling of bulimia involves processes similar to those of . A: addiction Q: Which researcher supports an incentive theory of motivation? A: Dr. Stern, who believes that “rewards play a central role in shaping motivation” Q: Molly is hungry. She passes right by the fruit basket on her kitchen counter and instead, grabs the ice cream out of the freezer. Molly’s behavior demonstrates what about human food preferences? A: We retain the preferences of our ancestors for calorie-rich foods to ward off starvation. Q: Of the following, who displays characteristics most consistent with high levels of achievement motivation? A: Devlin, who feels frustrated when his professor gives him a check mark on a writing assignment instead of a grade Q: Maslow’s view of motivation is best described as a . A: pyramid of needs Q: The height-to-weight ratio used to identify healthy weight, underweight, overweight, and obesity is referred to as the . A: body mass index Q: Which model or theory of emotion proposes that there is a simultaneous and independent occurrence of physical sensations and subjective feelings during an emotional experience? A: Cannon-Bard theory Q: According to research (Stacher, 1986), what hormone contributes to feelings of satiety in response to the ingestion of food? A: cholecystokinin Q: According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908). A: the ideal amount of arousal interacts with the complexity of a task Q: What hormonal differences in women cause them to be more likely than men to equate sexual desire with feelings of romantic love? A: higher oxytocin and lower testosterone Q: Brianna suffers from anorexia nervosa. In addition to having an unusually low body weight, she has irregular menstrual cycles, feels cold constantly, and has skin that appears . A: dry with a yellow tint Q: Which scenario supports the James-Lange theory of emotion? A: Micah wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from ear-to-ear and laugh out loud, and then he begins to feel happy. Q: Abnormal development of the amygdala is associated with which disorder? A: autism Q: Dr. Burke performs a neurological examination on his patient Ishmael. At one point he asks Ishmael to smile, but Ishmael produces only a crooked smirk. At the end of the examination, Ishmael tells Dr. Burke a humorous story, at which point Ishmael smiles ear-to-ear. Dr. Burke suspects that Ishmael suffered damage to his . A: motor cortex Q: What was Walter Cannon’s hypothesis regarding hunger cues (Cannon & Washburn, 1912)? A: Hunger correlates with the extent of stomach contractions. CHAPTER 8: (62 Questions) Q: As Ronnie hears a song on the radio, she feels stressed: her heart races, her hands became clammy, and her breathing became rapid. The song is familiar because it was very popular at a time when her parents were going through a divorce. During this time, they fought bitterly with one another, causing Ronnie intense anxiety. In this scenario, identify the following in the same respective order: the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response, and the unconditioned response. A: song; parents fighting; anxiety towards song; anxiety towards parents fighting Q: The learned ability to distinguish between stimuli is referred to as . A: discrimination Q: Learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to a specific stimulus is referred to as . A: nonassociative learning Q: Keller and Marion Breland, two of B. F. Skinner’s former students who used operant conditioning to train animals for entertainment, encountered . A: biological boundaries Q: Thorndike’s Law of Effect states that behavior is . A: engrained relative to the consequences of the behavior Q: The formation of associations between two stimuli, which occur sequentially in time, is referred to as . A: classical conditioning Q: Which process gives organisms the flexibility to survive in a changing world? A: learning Q: Which of the following is an example of nonassociative learning? A: Andrea recently learned how to drive a car. At first she found merging into highway traffic very stressful, but now can do it with ease. Q: Peter’s father normally arrives home from work in a terrible mood, causing Peter extreme anxiety. However, when Peter sees that his father is wearing sweat pants, Peter feels at ease, knowing that his father has been home from work for awhile. Peter’s distinct responses towards his father illustrates . A: inhibition Q: Lucia, who experiences extreme anxiety when taking an exam, practices meditation breathing to reduce her anxiety prior to taking a test. Her meditation breathing is an example of a . A: negative reinforcer Q: Based on a patient’s prior experience with medicine, which mode of learning is likely responsible for the efficacy of the placebo effect? A: classical conditioning Q: Based on the work of Richard Dawkins, the basic unit of cultural transmission is known as a(n) . A: meme Q: As a gate creaks open, Oscar the puppy notices a cat heading into his yard. The cat hisses and scratches Oscar on the nose, causing Oscar to yelp in pain. Which outcome to this scenario portrays higher order conditioning? A: Now when Oscar hears a gate creak, regardless of who is coming through it, he runs away. Q: A reinforcer that gains value from being associated with other things that are valued is called a(n) . A: conditioned reinforcer Q: Mirror neurons play a key role in which of the following processes? A: imitation Q: Which of the following is an example of a fixed ratio schedule? A: Sam earns extra money by mowing his neighbors’ lawns in the summer and shoveling their driveways and sidewalks in the winter. He charges $20 per job. [Show Less]
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MATH 3 Psychology Exam 3 Questions & Answers
MATH 3 Psychology Exam 3 Questions & Answers CHAPTER 11: Q: About the same time that infants begin to crawl, usually between 6 and 8 months, they also... [Show More] begin to show separation anxiety. This indicates that they . A: now recognize who does and does not belong in their social world Q: The complete cessation of a woman’s menstrual cycles is called . A: menopause Q: Eduardo’s father, a heavy smoker, died fairly young from lung cancer. Eduardo looks at his small children and wants to lead a long and healthy life. What should be his focus? A: lifestyle factors Q: Babies can’t talk. Which of the following are ways in which researchers directly assess the sensory capacities of very young babies? A: measures of heart rate, facial expression, and head movements Q: The major theme of physical and cognitive development in midlife is . A: stability Q: Which of the following best describes the relationships of older adults? A: Older adults often find their relationships with siblings especially meaningful. Q: According to research (Fox, Hershberger, & Bouchard, 1996), who is most likely to reach milestones in motor development at the same time? A: identical twins Q: During pregnancy, which organ provides the developing fetus with nutrients and oxygen, and protects it from exposure to a variety of toxins and disease-causing agents? A: placenta Q: Professor Edokpa teaches college classes in an evening program, and has students of all ages. Tonight they are discussing whether human rights are universal or vary according to cultural values. One student, Harry, clearly enjoys debating the pros and cons of each position, while another student, Carl, expresses frustration that he can’t figure out the correct answer. Harry is engaging in . A: postformal thought Q: A period of physical changes leading to sexual maturity is called . A: puberty Q: Parenting styles can be divided into four categories, which vary along (Baumrind, 1975; Maccoby & Martin, 1983). A: two dimensions: support and behavioral regulation Q: Newborns show an innate preference for looking at faces. This preference . A: provides advantages in social behavior and language learning Q: Which of the following is in the category of the most common and preventable sources of adverse effects in the developing fetus? A: Allison and her husband drink a bottle or two of wine every night with dinner. Q: Children grow up and move out, leaving their parents at midlife with an “empty nest.” Michael’s parents, Americans, are quite cheerful about it. Rumi’s parents, from India and now living in Canada, are quite disappointed. This difference in reaction most likely reflects . A: cultural variation Q: Teens begin to form an identity by asking “Who am I?” and “What kind of person do I want to be?” According to Erikson, failure to achieve a stable identity leads to . A: role confusion and problems with subsequent stages Q: Gabriel is 25 years old, 6 foot 3 inches, and 185 pounds. He is an accomplished lacrosse player and continues to play in a competitive league. Gabriel . A: is most likely at the peak of his physical fitness Q: Jack was a very timid child, both physically and socially. His parents gently encouraged him to participate in activities with other children. Over time he became quite adept at playing team sports. This is an example of . A: goodness of fit Q: Which of the following types of intelligence is most likely to change due to aging? A: fluid intelligence Q: Which of the following is a finding from Harry Harlow’s study (1958) of rhesus monkeys and attachment? A: The mother’s ability to provide contact comfort was critical in forming a strong attachment on the part of her infant. Q: The study of human development considers changes in behavior . A: that correlate with growth or maturation Q: Long-term marriage partners show more similarities with each other due to a lifetime spent in each other’s company, along with a(n) . A: lack of attention to past negative events and personality traits Q: The emotional bonding between an infant and a parent or caregiver is called . A: attachment Q: How can adolescence best be described? A: A period of development beginning at puberty and ending at young adulthood Q: We produce many more synapses than we need, and then retain only those that are used in a “use it or lose it” fashion. What does this demonstrate? A: The important role of experience in wiring the brain Q: The starting point of late adulthood is best described as . A: vague Q: Marjorie is in her seventh month of pregnancy with her first child. Which of the following is true regarding her fetus’s development? A: The fetus can hear and recognize Marjorie’s voice. Q: Myelination of the frontal lobes is much greater in adults aged 23 to 30 than in youth between the ages of 12 and 16. Unfortunately, the adolescent’s white matter is more susceptible than an adult’s to damage from . A: binge drinking Q: Which scenario exemplifies a key factor in predicting the timing of attachment? A: Jayce is starting to crawl. Q: Midlife is most often a time of . A: many challenges Q: Why does a 40-year-old woman have a greater probability of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome than a 25-year-old woman? A: A 40-year-old woman has been exposed to more years of environmental influence, possibly including harmful factors, that can lead to faulty cell division. Q: Sofia was six pounds at birth. She is a healthy baby. How much does she likely weigh now that she is one year old? A: 18 pounds (tripled) Q: Ryan grew up in a family of four boys. He and his brothers have never engaged in “acting out” behaviors, such as excessive drinking or drug use. However, now in their teens, they tend to be depressed and withdrawn from their peers. Their parents are most likely . A: authoritarian Q: Which scenario best exemplifies an ecological approach to development? A: Liam was toilet trained at 18 months, a standard approach for his community. Q: Kohlberg’s postconventional reasoning has been criticized as not representing a universal stage of moral development, but rather being (Murphy, Gilligan, & Puka, 1994). A: a characteristic of males in Europe and the United States Q: Individual differences in temperament may emerge early in life (Thomas & Chess, 1977, 1989). These traits . A: most likely represent genetic differences Q: Alexa is 15 years old. She is very involved in environmental issues, including issues such as the finding alternatives to fossil fuels and the protection of biodiversity on the planet. According to Piaget, Alexa is in the of cognitive development. A: formal operational stage Q: With regard to developmental outcomes, your text emphasizes . A: the interactions between nature and nurture Q: What is the definition of accommodation? A: The incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema Q: Ava is almost one month old. What does she spend most of her day doing? A: sleeping Q: In Erikson’s work (Erikson, 1968), a consistent, unified sense of self is called . A: identity Q: Marcus is about 1-1/2 years old. His mother left him at a friend’s house to play for the first time while she took the family car in for maintenance. Marcus did not show distress when his mother left nor did he immediately approach her when she returned. What pattern of attachment is this? A: avoidant Q: The ectoderm develops into . A: the nervous system Q: Joshua is three years old. He often whines, and constantly demands attention from his parents, not venturing far from them at the park. Which of the following would most likely describe the parenting style of Joshua’s parents? A: unresponsive or inconsistent Q: The obvious evolutionary purpose of puberty is to prepare an individual for . A: sex Q: During which stage do cells begin to differentiate into three types: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm? A: zygote Q: Which of the following is true regarding young adulthood? A: It emerges gradually in industrialized countries. Q: In whose life have epigenetic processes likely played the most dominant role? A: Sixty-five old Oliver, who has worked hard as a truck driver since he was 19 years old Q: What role does habituation play in evaluating a baby’s sensory capacities? A: When the baby spends equal time looking at two stimuli, he likely cannot tell the difference between them. Q: At the onset of puberty, . A: there is substantial gray matter growth Q: A pattern of infant-caregiver bonding in which children explore confidently and return to the parent or caregiver for reassurance is called . A: secure attachment Q: A failure to develop a typical theory of mind has been linked to the development of (Gopnik, Capps, & Meltzoff, 2000). A: autism Q: Jenna is a very rebellious teenager. Just about everything she says and does worries her parents. Her values are most likely . A: not too different from her parents Q: Ethan is just two weeks old. His mother strokes his cheek and he turns toward the touch and opens his mouth. This is called the . A: rooting reflex Q: What is egocentrism in Piaget’s view? A: The limited ability to understand the point of view of other people Q: Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget’s theories? A: Piaget viewed the developing child in relative isolation from his or her family, community, and culture. Q: Amy loves to eat swordfish in any preparation but decides to avoid it during her pregnancy. Why? A: It contains mercury, which is harmful to brain development. Q: The vast majority of genetic abnormalities in an embryo will result in . A: spontaneous abortion or miscarriage Q: The parenting style that combines high behavioral regulation with low support is . A: authoritarian Q: What is a teratogen? A: A chemical agent that can harm the zygote, embryo, or fetus Q: According to an influential model of relationships, the persistence of a relationship is a direct result of the partners’ commitment, which in turn is determined by the partners’ satisfaction with the relationship, the amount of investment they have already put into their relationship, and (Rusbult, Martz, & Agnew, 1998). A: the quality of their alternatives Q: Contemporary views on human development focus on age-related changes that occur . A: across the life span Q: Lucas is in first grade and works hard to print his alphabet letters on the lines on his notebook paper. In which direction is this motor development proceeding? A: from head to toe Q: When Zach started elementary school, he was able to focus very attentively on class projects, but only for limited periods of time. By about sixth grade, his attention span started to lengthen significantly each year. Which model or theory does this exemplify? A: information processing model Q: To which of the following tastes will a newborn react most favorably? A: sweet Q: Rachel is in junior high school. Her father drinks heavily and is frequently out of work. Her mother is very depressed and spends much of the day in front of the TV. Rachel spends as much time as she can outside of their home. Her parents’ style of parenting is . A: uninvolved Q: In which of the following two scenarios does Grace demonstrate that she has developed theory of mind? (1) Grace accidentally pops Max’s red balloon. Max is furious and heartbroken. Grace tells her mother “Max thinks I did it on purpose.” (2) Grace and Max play contentedly side by side with their blocks. Max builds a tower and Grace builds two small houses. A: Scenario (1) only CHAPTER 12: Q: Leanne’s father dreads it when her mother invites Leanne’s friends over for cocktail parties and cookouts. He is reserved, uncomfortable with people he does not know well, and prefers quiet evenings of reading. The Big Five trait that best describes this aspect of his personality is . A: introversion Q: Aiden has always been a bit shy and self-doubting. He tries to start a conversation with the attractive young woman sitting next to him in the physics lecture hall, but she turns the other way and talks only with her friend. Which of the following thoughts is most likely to be running through Aiden's mind? A: “Nobody likes me; nobody will ever like me.” Q: Jim is on a diet. At his office, his co-workers often bring in donuts, cookies, and other snacks for the group. He has done fairly well in resisting the temptations each day. How does he likely feel by late afternoon? A: His mind is focused on his favorite snack. Q: Melinda’s psychology professor told the class to quickly write down five things that complete a sentence that starts with “I am.” Melinda wrote: “I am a sophomore at University of Michigan majoring in international relations. I am on the lacrosse team and continue to be in a relationship with my high school boyfriend.” This is a description of her . A: self-concept Q: The critical finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart (Bouchard, 1994; Bouchard, Lykken, McGue, Segal, & Tellegen, 1990) was that identical twins raised apart and together . A: were very similar to one another, whether the overall positive correlation for a particular characteristic was strong or weak Q: According to Walter Mischel (Mischel, 2004), if a child experiences a particular situation, he or she will then respond with a unique, stable set of behaviors. These if-then patterns will be characteristic of an individual, leading to the stable characteristics we think of as . A: personality Q: The self does not exist in a vacuum. It both shapes and is shaped by . A: our social environment Q: In Freud’s personality theory, the self that others see is called the . A: ego Q: Ian is a very serious and capable medical student. At home with his mother, though, he becomes a joyous boy again, telling her stories about his classes and professors and making her laugh. This implies that the interpersonal self is . A: flexible and complex Q: Michael grew up in an individualistic culture. He is most likely to . A: move to the other side of the country from his parents to start his own architectural firm Q: Rima has decided to eliminate all sweets from her diet in an effort to lose ten pounds. When out for coffee with her friend Beth, Beth orders a delicious piece of chocolate cake with chocolate frosting and offers to split it with Rima. Rima says “Well, maybe this one time; I’ve read that chocolate is good for your health.” This is an example of . A: rationalization Q: One of the most frequently used personality inventories is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, which was originally designed . A: to assist with clinical diagnosis Q: Of the following, who most reflects self-efficacy? A: Todd, who believes that he can handle challenging situations and obtain future rewards Q: The cognitive organization that helps us think about the self and process self-relevant information is . A: a self-schema Q: Of the following, who illustrates one key contribution that Alfred Adler made to psychodynamic thought? A: Maia, who is ashamed that she grew up in a very poor family, and to hide this, tells people that her well-to-do family always sent her to private schools Q: Where in the brain does self-referential processing -- the processing of information relevant to ourselves but not others -- occur? A: In the right hemisphere Q: Rosa is three years old and very exuberant. Her mother has little patience with her and is most acceptant of her when she plays very quietly by herself. According to Carl Rogers’s humanistic theory of personality, what is the most likely result of this upbringing? A: self-actualization Q: Which qualities best describe collectivism? A: interdependence, cooperation, and lack of conflict Q: As Erin walks to the front of the classroom to write on the board, she stubs the toe of her shoe on the floor and nearly trips in front of her professor. She is so embarrassed. However, her professor is actually thinking about his lunch plans. Erin’s reaction is an example of . A: the spotlight effect Q: According to Freud, what is the resolution of the Oedipus complex? A: Identification with the same-sex parent Q: Dominic is memorizing vocabulary for his psychology exam, including the term “allele.” Which of the following approaches will most help him remember this term? A: He reflects on how certain alleles have shaped his own life. Q: Which of the following is an advantage of personality inventories? A: Large numbers of people can be assessed quickly and inexpensively. Q: The text notes that Professor Jennifer Mather tested 44 octopuses systematically for their responses to stimuli such as being touched with a brush. What did she find? A: The octopuses seemed to have unique and stable responses, similar to having a “personality.” Q: To avoid the pitfalls of observation and interview, many psychologists turn to . A: standardized tests of personality Q: Joseph received a C- on two algebra exams in a row. The principal’s office automatically sent him a standard, encouraging email intended to boost the self-esteem of any student who does poorly on two assignments in a row in any subject. According to a research study described in the text, what is the most likely consequence of the email? A: Joseph will do worse on his next algebra exam. Q: The stages in Freud's theory of the developing personality are called . A: psychosexual stages Q: Sigmund Freud’s treatment approach based on his psychodynamic theory is called . A: psychoanalysis Q: In Freudian theory, projection is . A: a defense mechanism Q: Elena's brother was diagnosed with schizophrenia when he was in his twenties. Sometimes he reports that his neighbors are trying to control his behavior through the television set. Which part of the brain shows excess activity during such delusions of control? A: the right hemisphere Q: Genetics account for a percentage of the variability seen in the population's personality. What is the source of the remaining percentage of variability? A: shared and non-shared experiences Q: Heather's mother maintains an orderly household. Heather's bedroom at home is very neat, with a place for everything and everything in its place. At her room at college, however, the floor is barely visible underneath the clothing, books, papers, and tea cups. According to B.F. Skinner, this most likely reflects a(n) . A: response tendency Q: Which toddler is likely to have the highest self-esteem when reaching first grade? A: Mario, who plays while his mother and the new babysitter chat, cries when his mother leaves him with the babysitter, and then runs over to his mother upon her return Q: Personality tests are widely used by therapists, potential employers, judges, and attorneys. These applications of personality assessment . A: raise important ethical concerns Q: The humanists are most interested in . A: the process by which personality develops Q: Lia grew up in a collectivistic culture and is in the yearly high school theatre production. She is most likely to . A: be proud of her role behind the scenes that helped the play go smoothly Q: Larry has put off studying for his Medieval Literature class all semester and worries that he will not do well on the final exam. He starts to drink beers and watch sports on TV each night with his roommates. This is an example of . A: self-handicapping Q: Which of the following best describes the attitude of most psychologists today toward Freud? A: They do not adhere to Freud’s theory. Q: Autobiographical and episodic memories are important components of self- knowledge; however, as one psychologist noted, “The past is remembered as if it were a drama in which (Greenwald, 1980, p. 604).” A: the self was the leading player Q: In current psychological discussions of the self, influences on the interpersonal self fall into two categories: . A: a person’s significant others and the social groups to which the person belongs Q: What is the cognitive expectancy featured in social-cognitive learning theories of personality about the source of individual outcomes? A: locus of control Q: What are the two basic requirements of a good test? A: validity and reliability Q: One’s knowledge of personal traits, feelings, roles, and memories is called . A: self-awareness Q: Big Five theory is a trait theory that identifies five main characteristics that account for . A: the majority of individual differences in personality Q: For Freud, what leads to the emergence of personality characteristics? A: The resolution of conflicts among the id, ego, and superego Q: What is the part of mental activity that cannot be voluntarily retrieved? A: unconscious mind Q: Research showing that situations can exert a stronger influence on people’s behavior than any individual predispositions highlights . A: the limits of the general trait approach Q: Mary rarely refers to her strengths or accomplishments when with friends, so they have little clue as to her self-esteem. If Mary is among the majority of people, she most likely . [Show Less]
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