classical conditioning
a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US)
... [Show More] begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov
Who came up with classical conditioning?
Dog experiment
What experiment to Pavlov conduct?
Reflex
an automatic and natural response to a stimulus
Stimulus
something that creates a response
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that elicits an automatic response that is natural not learned
conditioned behavior
behavior that becomes associated with a specific stimulus through conditioning
unconditioned response (UCR)
an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
conditioned stimulus (CS)
a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place
conditioned response (CR)
a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Food aversions
What is a common classical conditioning experience in humans?
Extinction
the learned response dies away
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
stimulus discrimination
when a classically conditioned response is limited to a single stimulus (one type of bell tone in dog experiment)
stimulus generalization
happens when primary classically conditioned response is generalized to items that are similar to conditioned stimulus (dog responds to a few different bell tones rather than just one)
law of effect
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
opperant conditioning
uses rewards and punishments to change behavior
trial and error
trying things that work and disregarding the things that don't work
Reinforcement
is a reward that strengthens a response
positive reinforcement
something is given to a person/ animal in order to strengthen the response (giving a dog a treat after a trick)
negative reinforcement
take away something in order to strengthen a response
"I will stop nagging you about cleaning your room if you at least make your bed"
What is a example of negative reinforcement?
fixed
constant amount
variable
changing amount
fixed-interval schedule
rewards given after a fixed (constant) amount of time has passed
Payday every Wednesday
What is an example of fixed interval schedule?
variable-interval schedule
rewards given after a variable (changing) amount of time has passed
bonuses at different times (months, years, weeks, etc.)
What is an example of variable interval schedule?
fixed-ratio schedule
rewards are given after a constant number of behaviors
paid 50 cents for every fruit box
What is an example of fixed ratio schedule?
variable-ratio schedule
rewards given after a changing number of behaviors
no idea when reward is coming
What is an example of variable ratio schedule?
1. shaping
2. the Premack principle
3. primary and secondary reinforcers
What are the three reinforcement contingencies?
shaping
involves successfully reinforcing behavior that is getting better at approximately the full desire behavior
The Premack Principle
uses a preferred activity to reinforce a nonpreferred one (get desert if you eat your veggies!)
primary and secondary reinforcers
primary: based on innate needs, food, water, sex
secondary: money; and they are learned
token economies
a behavioral technique in which desirable behaviors are reinforced with a token, such as a small chip or fake coin, which can be exchanged for privileges
positive punishment
giving something to a person or animal to discourage behavior (spankings)
negative punishment
the removal of something pleasant in order to discourage bad behavior (grounding or phone getting taken away) [Show Less]