NURS 497 Midterm 1 Exam - Complete Solutions (Answered) What kind of pathogen is HIV? Blood borne pathogen How is HIV transmitted? Blood or blood
... [Show More] products IV medication abuse Both heterosexual and homosexual activity Maternal-child transmission before or during childbirth What cells does HIV infect and destroy? CD4-positive T-helper cells What are CD4+ helper T cells necessary for? Development of both plasma cells and T-cytotoxic cells What kind of virus is HIV? A retrovirus with the ability to convert their RNA to DNA with the acid of an enzyme Can HIV replicate outside a living cell? No How does HIV enter the host cell? Glycoprotein (GP 120) knobs on the virus surface bind to the specific CD4 receptor sites on cell surface What happens once the HIV virus is in the cell? Reverse transcriptase begins and then the viral DNA enters the cell's nucleus and becomes a permanent part of the cell's structure What are the two consequences of the reverse transcriptase that takes place? All daughter cells from the infected cell will also be infected Because the genome now contains viral DNA, the cell's genetic codes can direct the cell to make HIV What is the viral load initially of HIV? High What do the T and B cells do in the initial stages? Mount an immune response and reduce viral loads What follows the initial infection of HIV? A period of latency where HIV levels are low in the blood Could last 10-12 years Why are T helper cells targeted by the HIV virus? They have more CD4 receptors on their surfaces than do other CD4 receptor-bearing cells The ability of HIV to destroy CD4+ T cells exceeds the body's ability to replace cells. What is the result? A decline in CD4+ T-cell count and a decrease in immune capability How low do CD4+ T cells have to be for severe health problems to develop? Fewer than 200 CD4+ T cells per microlitre and a CD4 fraction less than 15% Can retroviruses live outside a host cell? No, they must have a host cell What are the two primary types of HIV? HIV 1 and HIV 2 What specific groups or populations are at an increased risk for HIV transmission? Ethnocultural communities (Black, African, and Caribbean communities) Indigenous peoples Children Young people Women and people who identify as women Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men Immigrants, refugees, and people without immigrant status Older adults Trans people People living with HIV People who use substances People who use injection drugs Prisoners Sex-workers Street-involved HIV infected cells shed GP120, which can induce what? Apoptotic cell death of uninfected T lymphocytes, neurons, and monocytes through interaction with cell surface receptors What are the early symptoms of HIV? Nonspecific to HIV Fever Fatigue Muscle aches Headaches Early stages of HIV show what symptoms? None Asymptomatic How long can the early stage last? As long as 10 years in untreated people, during which viral load increases and numbers of CD4+ cells progressively decrease In terms of CD4 counts what is more important than the number? The current trend HIV infection leads to increased what? Gut permeability What happens in the early symptoms of HIV? Fatigue Fever Muscle aches Headaches HIV multiplies and destroys CD4 cells Body producing antibodies Viral load high; high risk for transmission What symptoms are a part of the early stages of HIV? Could be asymptomatic to lymphadenopathy Viral load increases and CD4 cells decrease What is the most severe stage of HIV? AIDS What happens in AIDS? Viral load high; risk for transmission high CD4 cells low; risk for opportunistic infections Prognosis about 3 years How is HIV transmitted? Blood transfusion Condomless sex Needle sharing Mother to child Accidental exposure Relative risks of sex:
Receptive anal intercourse Insertive anal intercourse Receptive vaginal intercourse Insertive vaginal intercourse Oral sex Examples of how HIV is not transmitted By mosquitoes, ticks or other insects Through saliva, sweat, or tears Hugging, shaking hands, sharing toilets, sharing dishes, or closed mouth kissing or social kissing with someone who has HIV Through sexual activities that don't involve the exchange of body fluids Through the air What are the three main types of HIV tests? Nucleic acid tests (NAT) Antibody and antigen test Antibody tests What does nucleic acid tests check for and determine? Check blood for presence of the virus' RNA Determines how much virus is present What do antigen and antibody tests test for? Presence of HIV antigens and antibodies What antigen does HIV produce? p24 What do antibody tests test for? HIV antibodies What blood source is better for detection in an antibody test? Venous What happens to the CD4 cells in AIDS? Depletion of CD4 cells, which has a profound effect on the immune system, causing diminished response to a wide array of infectious pathogens and cancers How is someone diagnosed with AIDS? When CD4 cells decrease to less than 200 What is the ultimate outcome of AIDS? Death within 2 years of the initial onset of AIDS related illness What is the typical AIDS progression?
Asymptomatic seronegative status Asymptomatic seropositive status Subclinical immune deficiency Lymphadenopathy (early AIDS) AIDS related complex (middle stage with combination of symptoms) AIDS What are the 6 categories of opportunistic infections? Fungal infections Protozoal infections Bacterial infections Viral infections Other infections Cancers What are the clinical manifestations of AIDS? Fatigue Unexplained weight loss: greater than 10% Fever Lymphadenopathy Skin or mucous membrane lesions: purplish-red nodules Persistent cough Persistent diarrhea Tongue/mouth thrush Perianal vesicular and ulcerative lesions of herpes simplex infection AIDS related cancer (Kaposi's sarcoma) Cytomegalovirus retinitis What are some obstetrical complications for birth parents living with HIV? Increased risk for preterm labour and birth Premature rupture of membranes Perinatal loss Intrauterine growth restriction What are some post-partum complications for birth parents living with HIV? Postpartum UTIs Vaginitis Poor wound healing HIV-related thrombocytopenia (may also increase risk for hemorrhage) How can AIDS be transmitted from mother to child? Through the placenta Contact with maternal blood at birth Postnatal exposure to parent who is infected (breastfeeding) What does AIDS put the kids at higher risk for developing? [Show Less]