NUR2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2
What are the functions of the kidneys? - ANSWER Regulation of blood pressure; regulating blood
... [Show More] osmolarity; removal of toxins; blood filtration; activate vitamin D
What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy? - ANSWER dribbling; difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy; urinary retention, decreased stream
What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts? -
ANSWER ADH- Anti Diuretic Hormone
What is type 2 diabetes characterized as? - ANSWER peripheral tissue insulin resistance
What are the clinical manifestations of Graves' disease? - ANSWER
Exophthalmos (bulging eyes), goiter, enlarge thyroid, heat intolerance, anxiety- hyperthyroidism
What processes occur during fasting? - ANSWER glucogenesis; glycogenesis
What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production in type 1 diabetes? -
ANSWER adipose/ fat
What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? - ANSWER myxedema, fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, weight gain
What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism? - ANSWER Goiter, fatigue, weight loss, infertility, memory loss, hair loss, muscle pain
What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism? - ANSWER fatigue, body aches, bone pain, depression, headaches, memory loss
What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism? - ANSWER numbness, tetany, parathesis, muscle spasms
What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis? - ANSWER fruity breath, drowsiness, nausea, thirst, confusion, lethargy, vomiting
What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation? - ANSWER negative feedback loop
What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland? - ANSWER Growth
Hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone,
LH, ACTH and endorphins
What is diabetes insipidus? - ANSWER a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss
clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus - ANSWER polyuria, nocturia, continuous thirst, and polydipsia
clinical manifestations of Cushings syndrome? - ANSWER Excessive secretion of cortisol causes redistribution of fat, "moon face", "buffalo" hump on the back and pendulous abdomen. -
Facial skin is flushed (high blood pressure), skin covering abdomen develops stretch marks - • ndividual bruises easily and wound healing is poor -
Approximately 1/2 develop mental status changes from irritability to severe psychiatric disturbance -
Females may experience changes due to increased androgen levels clinical manifestations of secondary hypothyroidism - ANSWER Weakness. - Fatigue. - Cold intolerance. -
Constipation. -
Weight gain. -
Depression. - Joint or muscle pain. -
Brittle fingernails.
clinical manifestations of primary hypothyroidism - ANSWER fatigue. - lethargy. - sensitivity to cold. - depression. -
muscle weakness.
clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism - ANSWER hypertension and hypokalemia
clinical manifestations of secondary aldosteronism - ANSWER High blood pressure. -
Low level of potassium in the blood. -
Feeling tired all the time. -
Headache. - Muscle weakness. -
Numbness.
What is myxedema? - ANSWER severe hypothyroidism; non pitting edema
What are the causes of hypothyroidism? - ANSWER Hashimoto's disease: most common when the immune system attacks the thyroid cells
- after surgical or radioactive treatment for hyperthyroidism
- head or neck radiation for cancer
- iodine deficiency
What are the three p's in diabetes? - ANSWER polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia
What is the difference between primary and secondary endocrine disorders? - ANSWER Primary endocrine disease inhibits the action of downstream glands, malfunction of the hormone producing gland; Secondary endocrine disease is indicative of a problem with the pituitary gland.
What is the cause of Cushing syndrome? - ANSWER Excessive corticosteroids What is acute gastritis? - ANSWER Transient inflammation of the gastric mucosa
What is chronic gastritis? - ANSWER Chronic mucosal inflammatory changes leading to atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. This is mostly due to H. Pylori, but in some cases it can be autoimmune.
What causes gastritis? - ANSWER Acute - circulatory disturbances (shock) and exposure to exogenous irritants (drugs [aspirin], alcohol, chemicals, lactose intolerance)
Chronic - cause is unknown
is probably mediated by immunologic mechanism or related to infection with H. pylori
What is amenorrhea? - ANSWER - absence of menstruation
What is metrorrhagia? - ANSWER - bleeding between periods
What is dysmenorrhea? - ANSWER - painful periods
Costal vertebral angle (CVA) - ANSWER angle formed by the 12th rib and the vertebral column on the posterior thorax, overlying the kidney; percuss for kidney tenderness
What causes flank pain? - ANSWER kidney stones
When is enuresis abnormal? - ANSWER after age 5
People with polycystic kidney disease should do what? - ANSWER increase fluid intake, measure blood pressure regularly
What is polyuria? - ANSWER frequent urination
Female Mutilation - ANSWER risks for uti, trouble urinating
What hormone causes bleeding during menopause? - ANSWER estrogen
Where does exchange occur in the kidneys? - ANSWER As the filtered fluid moves along the tubule, the blood vessel reabsorbs almost all of the water, along with minerals and nutrients your body needs. The tubule helps remove excess acid from the blood. The remaining fluid and wastes in the tubule become urine.
What increases the risk for bladder cancer? - ANSWER smoking
What is the kidney filtration path? - ANSWER Bowmans capsule>proximal tubule>loop of henle>distal tubule
What causes increase in glumerial filtration? - ANSWER increase capillary hydrostatic pressure
What is cystitis? - ANSWER inflammation of the urinary bladder; UTI, painful burning, itching,
What is a hydrocele? - ANSWER Fluid collection within the tunica vaginalis
What are the symptoms of prositis? - ANSWER pain, fever, trouble urinating, trouble with urine retention [Show Less]