NUR 2063 Pathophysiology
Explain primary prevention - Answer Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for people
Expla... [Show More] in secondary prevention - Answer "Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads
Explain tertiary prevention - Answer "Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or disease after the person has the condition
What are examples of primary prevention? - Answer Vaccinations and Handwashing
What are examples of secondary prevention? - Answer PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram
What are examples of tertiary prevention? - Answer Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcer
What happens to the body during the sympathetic phase of the flight or fight response? - Answer Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
What happens to the body during the parasympathetic phase of the flight or light response? - Answer Rest and Digest. Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR, bronchoconstriction,decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume action
Explain the role of the nucleus - Answer control center of the cell, where DNA and genes are stored, produces mRNA to help build body proteins
Explain the role of the mitochondria - Answer Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP, and has its own set of DNA
Explain the role of the ribosome - Answer produces RNA to produce proteins through transcriptions of DNA and translation of RNA into a protein
Explain the role of the lysosomes - Answer helps breakdown and digest dead cells, organelles, or tissues
Explain the role of the rough ER - Answer folded membranes that move proteins around the cell. Has ribosomes attached to it and helps produce proteins for the cell membrane
Explain the role of the smooth ER - Answer helps the Liver and kidney cells to detoxify, lipid metabolism, synthesis of hormones, and calcium storage
Explain the role of the peroxisome - Answer membrane cells that contain oxidase and catalase to detoxify harmful chemicals, breakdown hydrogen peroxide and filter metabolic wastes
Explain the role of the Golgi body - Answer stacked membranes that act as the sorter and packager for proteins from the ER. Helps move things in and out of cell
Explain passive immunity - Answer the transfer of preformed antibodies against specific antigens from a protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or non immunized person. Provides immediate and short term protection. No memory cells are produced. IgA and IgE. Passes protection
What are examples of passive immunity? - Answer mom to fetus through placenta or mom to infant through breast milk. Serotherapy
Explain active immunity - Answer a protective state owing to the immune system response as a result of active infection or immunization. It has to be activated in the body and the body has to fight it to have long term immunity
What are examples of active immunity? - Answer Vaccinations
Explain what edema is - Answer accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. Leads to tissue swelling
What are some causes of edema? - Answer increase in the forces that move fluid from capillaries to interstitial compartments or decrease in the opposite.
What are factors that contribute to edema? - Answer Increase in hydrostatic forces in the capillaries that increases the blood volume, increased capillary permeability, CHF, HYPTN, decrease in plasma proteins like albumin (causes liver to hold onto more water- ascites, cirrhosis), blockage of lymph drainage
What is a hypersensitivity? - Answer an overreaction to antigens or allergens that is beyond the normal range, leading to damage
What is a type 1 hypersensitivity? - Answer anaphylactic. Occurs within 2-30mins of exposure. Can be systemic or localized. Binds to IgE and mast cells that release histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins to create inflammation
Mediating Factor for type 1 hypersensitivity - Answer IgE
Examples of type 1 hypersensitivity - Answer allergic reaction to dust. someone eats peanuts and breaks out in hives and runny nose
How do we treat type 1 hypersensitivity reactions? - Answer antihistamines to block histamine, beta adrenergics to bronchodilator , corticosteroids, to decrease inflammation. IgE therapy, epinephrine given during anaphylaxis through IV or through IM in epipens
What are signs and symptoms of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction? - Answer hives, runny nose, eczema, throat constriction, ,localized edema, wheezing, tachycardia, anaphylaxis.
Explain Type 2 Hypersensitivity - Answer The cells attack healthy organs and blood, causing symptoms
Mediating factor for type 2 hypersensitivity - Answer cytotoxic- IgM/ IgG
Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity - Answer Blood transfusions when wrong blood given, hemolytic disease of newborn, grans disease, myasthenia gravis
What is type 3 hypersensitivity? - Answer The igG antibodies are stuck beneath the membranes of cells. Can activate immune responses that can damage tissues. Immune complex
Mediating factor type 3 hypersensitivity - Answer immune complexes
Examples type 3 hypersensitivity - Answer RA, lupus
What is type 4 hypersensitivity? - Answer there is a delayed cell reaction caused by the T cells. Antigens are phagocytized and are sensitized to receptors on the t cell. Reexposure causes the memory cells to release destructive cytokines.
Mediating factor type 4 hypersensitivity - Answer delayed cell mediated
Examples type 4 hypersensitivity - Answer TB test, contact dermatitis
Characteristics of benign tumors - Answer Localized growth that is curable. They more closely resemble the original tissue type, they grow slowly, have little vascularity, rarely necrotic, and usually have similar function to the original cells. Can be fatal depending on the location (brain, heart,etc), usually grows at the original areas of the body. Encapsulated
Characteristics of malignant tumors - Answer usually cancerous. They ignore growth controlling signals and replicate despite signals from the environment. They can escape signals and can die. they can also display different functions poorly or not at all related to the tissue. Greater degree of differentiation means that it is more aggressive. Can move around with a poor prognosis. Anaplasia, metastasis
S/S of peptic ulcer disease - Answer epigastric burning pain that is usually relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers present on empty stomach but can be after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and is relieved by food). Can also be life threatening as GI bleeding can occur without warning and cause a drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis
What is H.pylori? - Answer has a key role in promoting both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation and thrives in acidic areas. It slows down ulcer healing and can reoccur frequently, and taking it away can help ulcers heal
What is a functional bowel obstruction? - Answer problem with the act of the bowel actually moving, such as things that inhibit movement from surgery, medications, opioids, low fiber diets that can slow motility or shut off the GI system from the SNS stimulation
What is a mechanical bowel obstruction? - Answer blockage of the bowel inhibiting movement. adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvus or twisting of the intestines, intussusception
adhesions - Answer bands of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally separated in the bowel
hernia - Answer Protrusion of bowel through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it
volvus - Answer twisting of the bowel
Intusseption - Answer telescoping of the intestines
S/S of appendicitis - Answer Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain, presence of a positive McBurneys point and rebound tenderness when one presses on the belly button and hip region and when the pressure is removed, the client has pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systemic signs of infection.
how to assess appendicitis - Answer McBurney's point technique when pressing on the belly button and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes intense pain, indicates positive appendicitis. Rebound tenderness= positive
rebound tenderness - Answer pain that increases when pressure (as from a hand) is removed-in appendicitis
S/S of liver disease - Answer hepatocellular failure (jaundice, decreased clotting, hypoalbuminemia, decreased vitamin D and K) and portal hypertension (GI congestion due to blockage of blood, more esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,)
what is jaundice? - Answer green yellow staining of tissues from increased level of bilirubin as the liver cannot metabolize extra bilirubin. Found on eyes, skin, and mouth. present with liver disease
What is ascites? - Answer pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity due to the loss of albumin in the liver, causing fluid to be free amongst the cells. It can cause a lot of pain in the abdomen, and it must be drained with a parenthesis
What is hepatic encephalopathy? - Answer neuropsychiatric syndrome from too much ammonia in the blood as the liver cannot break it down. Dementia=ammonia and psychotic symptoms common along with jerking
What is portal hypertension? - Answer Increased pressure in the portal venous system from a build-up of portal vein pressure due to progressive hepatic fibrosis which increases hepatic resistance [Show Less]
