NUR 2063 Exam 2 Blueprint Fall 2021 Essentials of Pathophysiology
GI disorders
• Dysphagia Difficulty swallowing
o Causes Nero disease:
... [Show More] Parkinson’s, dementias, muscular dystrophy, Huntington’s, ALS,
MN,
Guillain Barre Syndrome. Other: Congenital issues/cerebral palsy, Esophageal stenosis,
esophageal diverticula, tumors, stroke, achalasia
• Vomiting – why and consequences Why: protect against substance, reverse peristalsis,
increase intracranial pressure, severe pain. Consequences: lead to fluid, electrolyte, pH
imbalance, aspiration
o Emesis types and why the emesis would be a problem Hematemesis: blood in vomit
(protein),
Yellow/green: presence of bile. Deep brown: fecal matter. Undigested food
o Treatment of vomiting disorders Antiemetic med., fluid replacement, correct
electrolyte imbalance, restore acid-base
• Esophageal disorders
o Hiatal hernia Stomach section protrudes through diaphragm
▪ Causes: Weakening of diaphragm muscle, trauma, congenital defects.
Manifestation: Indigestion; heartburn; frequent belching; nausea; chest pain;
strictures; dysphagia; and soft abdominal mass. diagnosis: H & P; barium
swallow; upper GI Xrays; EGD, treatment: eat small meals, sleep elevated,
antacid
o GERD
▪ Causes: Certain foods: chocolate, caffeine, carbonated beverages, citrus fruit,
tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, peppermint , Alcohol consumption; nicotine, Hiatal
hernia, Obesity; pregnancy, Certain medications – such as corticosteroids; beta
blockers; calcium-channel blockers; anticholinergics, NG intubation, Delayed
gastric emptying
▪ Manifestations: Heartburn, Epigastric pain, Dysphagia, Dry cough,
Laryngitis Pharyngitis, Food regurgitation, Sensation of lump in throat
▪ Diagnosis: H & P; barium swallow; EGD; esophageal pH monitoring
▪ Treatments: Avoid triggers; avoid restrictive clothing, Eat small frequent
meals; high Fowler’s positioning, Weight loss; stress reduction; Antacids; acid
reducing agent;
mucosal barrier agents, Herbal therapies (licorice, chamomile), Surgery
▪ Complications: Esophagitis; strictures; ulcerations; esophageal cancer;
chronic pulmonary disease
o Gastritis/gastroenteritis
▪ Acute: Can be mild, transient irritation or can be severe ulceration with
hemorrhage, Usually develops suddenly, Likely to also have nausea &
epigastric pain
▪ Chronic: Develops gradually
▪ May be asymptomatic but usually accompanied by dull epigastric pain and a
sensation of
fullness after minimal intake
▪ Complications: peptic ulcer; gastric cancer; hemorrhage
▪ H. pylori: Most common cause of chronic gastritis
2
▪ Bacteria embeds in mucous layer; activates toxins & enzymes that cause inflammation
▪ Genetic vulnerability & lifestyle behaviors (smoking, stress) may increase susceptible
▪ Other causes: Organisms through food/water contamination, LT NSAID
use, Excess alcohol use, Severe stress, Autoimmune conditions
▪ Manifestations of GI bleeding: Indigestion; heart burn, Epigastric pain;
abdominal cramping, N/V; anorexia, Fever; malaise, Hematemesis, Dark, tarry
stools = ulceration & bleeding
• GI tract disorders
o Peptic ulcer disease
▪ Duodenal: Most commonly associated with excess acid or H.pylori infections,
Typically present with epigastric pain relieved by food
▪ Gastric: Less frequent; more deadly, typically associated with malignancy and
NSAIDs, Pain worsens with food
▪ Symptoms:
▪ Curling’s ulcer from what: associated with burns
▪ Cushing’s ulcer from what: associated with head injuries
▪ Complications of ulcers: GI hemorrhage; obstruction; perforation; peritonitis
▪ Manifestations: Epigastric or abdominal pain, Abdominal cramping,
Heartburn; indigestion, N/V
▪ Diagnosis: same as gastritis
▪ Treatment: Same as for gastritis, Surgical repair [Show Less]