What influenced the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act? - correct answer Strongly influenced by the rising numbers of uninsured &
... [Show More] underinsured
What is the goal of Community and Public Health Nursing? - correct answer To preserve the health of the community and surrounding population including healing maintenance of individuals, families, and groups within the community.
What is Public Health? - correct answer A long term commitment to the community to focus on health promotion and prevention.
*Population based
*Grounded in social justice
*Relies on science of epidemiology
Describe Nursing - correct answer Relationship based care in an independent practice that is:
*Grounded in an ethic of caring
*Holistic
*Sensitivity to diversity
What are the goal of Public Health? - correct answer *Preventing Disease
*Prolonging life
*Promoting Individual and Community Health
Describe Community-based nursing - correct answer All nursing care provided outside of an acute care into the community.
- Provision of personal care to individuals and families in the community.
What are the roles of a Community Nurse? - correct answer -Immunizations
-Communicable disease surveillance & control
-Teach & monitor blood borne pathogen control
-Advise on prevention of vector borne diseases
-Teach methods for responsible sexual behavior & screen for STDs
-Screen for TB, identify TB contacts, & deliver directly observed TB treatment.
What is Community-oriented nursing? - correct answer All nursing care that is provided within in the overall focus of the well beings of the community.
Describe a community - correct answer People, place, social interactions/common characteristics
*Two types
-Geopolitical
-Phenomenological
Describe geopolitical - correct answer A spatial designation; a geographic or geopolitical area or place.
Describe phenomenological - correct answer Relationally-bound by similar characteristics, goals, and/or interests but do not live in the same area (Military)
What are social determinants of health? - correct answer The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national, and local levels
-Childhood experiences
-Housing
-Education
-Social Support
-Family income
-Employment
-Communities
-Health Service access
Name some Health Disparities - correct answer *Culture
*Literacy
*Language
*Geography
*Socio-economic
*Access
*Gender
*Religion
What are the two major causes of death amoungst all ethics? - correct answer *Heart diseases and Cancer
What are some benefits of public health practices? - correct answer *Improved life expectancy
*Population-based prevention programs
*Potential issues identified
*Fundings
What is the vision of public health in America? - correct answer Healthy people in healthy communities
What is the mission of public health in America? - correct answer To promote physical and mental health and prevent diseases, injuries, and disabilities.
What are the essentials of public health service? - correct answer *Assessments, Policy developments, and assurance
What are some major public health issues? - correct answer *Alcohol, Tobacco, and Substance abuse
*Child and Adolescent growth & developmetal issues
*Chronic and noninfectious diseases
*Disabilities and decreased independence
*Environmental conditions
*Infectious diseases
*Mental Health issues
*Pregnancy & Birth defects
*Service delivery systems
*Unintended pregnancies
What are some public health interventions? - correct answer *Surveillance
*Coalition buildings
*Disease & Health investigations
*Outreach programs
*Screenings
*Referrals & Follow-ups
*Case Management
*Delegated functions
*Consultations
*Collaborations
*Community organization
*Advocacy
*Social Marketing
*Policy Development & Enforcement
*Health Disparities evaluated
*Counsiling
What are the core functions of Public Health? - correct answer 1. Assessment
-Monitor health, diagnosis, & investigate
2. Policy Development
-Informed, educate, empower
-Mobilize community partnership
-Develop policies
3. Assurance
-Enforce laws
-Link to/provide care
-Assure competent workforce
-Evaluate
Describe the Stages of disease history - correct answer *Hunting & Gathering - prior to 10,000 BCE
*Settled Villages - 10,000-6000 BCE
*Prindustrial Cities - 6000-18,000 CE
*Industrial Cities - 17,000-18,000 CE
*Present Period - 19,000-20,000 CE
What are some Aggregate Impacts? - correct answer *Growing population
*Overpopulated
*Imbalanced Human Ecology (Changes in cultural adaption)
Who is William Rathborne? - correct answer The one who Founded the first district nursing association in Liverpool, England and helped establish district nursing throughout England with Nightingale.
Who is Lillian Wald? - correct answer She was a Founder of Henry Street Settlement House in NY and Founder of Public Health Nursing, who recognized connections between health and social conditions.
She advocated for the development of national and international policies.
What is NOPHN? - correct answer The National organization of Public Health
It improves educational & service standards of public health nursing & promotes public understanding of and respecting of workers.
What are some ways to decrease community acquired illnesses? - correct answer *Immunizations
*Nutrition Improvements
*Hygiene & sanitation education and improvements
*Improved medications
*Better Housing
*Innovative emergencies & Critical care services
What is the Nursing process amongst communities? - correct answer 1. Assessment & Analysis
-Include community members
2. Diagnosis
-ID health issues and problems
3. Planning
-Include community leaders
4. Implementations
-Include community
5. Evaluation
-Includes process & outcomes
-Community members must contribute
What are the benefits of Community assessment? - correct answer Identifies community needs, problems, strengths, and resources.
What is involved in Community assessment? - correct answer *Defining the community
*Gathering relevant existing data and generating missing data
*Developing databases
*Interpreting data to identify problems & strengths
*Analyzing problems & developing a diagnosis
Describe the Community nursing process - correct answer 1. Establish partnership
2. Assessment & Analysis
3. Nursing diagnosis
4. Planning
5. Implementation
6. Evaluation
May need to be renegotiated throughout the process
What is considered personal observations? - correct answer *Senses: sight, smell, hearing, taste, touch, & body
*Observe community members, read and collect literature on community (newspapers, TV, Publications)
What are existing data sources? - correct answer *Secondary analysis:
- vital stats
- census data
- CDC
*National sources:
- special interest groups
- longitudinal research
- state & local, Internet
What are Assessment Parameters? - correct answer - Physical environment
- Education level
- Safety and transportation
- Politics and government
- Health & Social Services
- Communication
- Economics
- Recreation
What questions are asked during Intervention work-planning? - correct answer *What is to be done?
*How will it happen?
*What resources are needed?
*Who is responsible for the interventions?
*When & Where will each action occur?
*How much time will be required?
*How much will it cost?
*Who will fund it?
What is included in the MAPP model? - correct answer *Community Themes & Strengths assessment
*Forces of change assessment
*Community health status assessment
*Local public health systems assessment
-Organize for success
-Partnership development
-Visioning
-4 MAPP assessment
-ID strategic issues
-Formulate goals & strategies
-Eval > Plan > Implement
What is invovled in the Evaluation process - correct answer *Formative vs Summative evaluation
*Questions answered by evaluation
*Ensure program met goals
*Documenting accountability by program managers to patients and the funding sources
*Shows whether the program fulfills purpose
*Used to make judgement about a program
*May be used to justify sustaining the program, making any adjustments, expanding/reducing program, or even discontinuing.
What is formative evaluation? - correct answer An evaluation throughout the nursing process that does a prior eval of outcome of care. During which the formation of nursing care is delivered., this care is modified throughout.
What is summative evaluation? - correct answer An evaluation done at the end, after the interventions, to measure outcomes and goal attainment.
* "The Sum"
* "The bottom line"
What is System Thinking Theory? - correct answer The study of how persons/units interact with other organizations/systems
What is Upstream Thinking Theory? - correct answer The focus on interventions that promote health and prevent illness
What is the Epidemiology Model? - correct answer The study of ways in which determinants of health and disease distributed in population (those who are/are not affected)
What is epidemiology? - correct answer The investigation of distribution or patterns of health events and what influences the patterns
-Studies the effect of disease state in population over time
-Predicts future health of community
-Evaluates health services
-Estimates individual risks from group experiences
-Identifies syndromes
-Informs prevention measures before disease becomes irreversible.
-Searches for cause
What is included in the Epidemiological Triangle? - correct answer 1. Social:
- Nutritive, Chemical, Physical, Infectious, Agents
2. Biological:
- Genetics, Age, Sex, Ethics, Physiological, Immunological, Intercurrents, pre-existing diseases, behavior
3. Environmental:
- Influence existence of the agent, exposure, suscept. (Physical, biological, social environments)
What is Descriptive epidemiology? - correct answer It Describes who, why, and when affected
-Localized/Pandemic
-Distribution, deaths, and outcomes
-Person, place, and time model
What are Characteristics of Epidemiology? - correct answer -Race
-Ethics
-Age
-Education
-Income
-Marital Status
-Sex
-Occupation
-Geographics
What are some questions for "Time"? - correct answer -Is there an increase or decrease in frequency?
-Are there other temporal patterns?
*Secular trends (long term patterns of morbidity/mortality)
*Point epidemics
*Cyclical (Disease patterns)
*Patterns
*Events related to clusters
What is analytic epidemiology? - correct answer The factors determined health event
-Exposure, Factors, Behaviors
-Determinants of patterns (how & Why)
What is Ecological Fallacies? - correct answer Associations observed at group levels that may not hold true for individuals who make up groups or associations that actually exist, may be masked in group data.
What are Problems and Events Investigated? - correct answer -Environmental Exposures:
* lead/heavy metals, Air pollutants, Asthma triggers.
-Infectious Disease:
* Food borne, airborne, contact.
-Injuries:
* Increased homicides/domestic violence
-Non-Infectious Disease:
* Localized/Widespread, rise in cancer, Increase in birth defects
-Natural Disasters:
* Hurricanes, earthquakes
-Terrorism:
* Trade Center, Anthrax
What is a rate in Epidemiology? - correct answer A statistic used for describing an event, characteristics, or happenings
-Time is important/proportion
-Makes comparisons among populations
Whar is Crude Rate? - correct answer Total Population
What is Specific Rate? - correct answer Subgroup of a population
What is Attack Rate? - correct answer New cases in those exposed
Whar are Routinely Collected Data? - correct answer -Census
-Vital Records
-Surveillance (CDC)
-Medical
-Health Department
-Insurance
What is Rate formula? - correct answer (Number of events/population at risk) X 100,000
What Morbidity? - correct answer The event that illness or disease symptoms are present and affecting a population
What is Mortality? - correct answer The number of deaths as a result of a disease or health event
What is incidence? - correct answer New cases of disease or illness
What is incidence rate? - correct answer (Number of new cases/population at risk) x 100,000
What is prevalence? - correct answer Number of all cases of disease or illness
What is Prevalence Rate? - correct answer (All Cases/population at risk) x 100,000
What are vital statistics? - correct answer -Death/Birth/Marriage/Divorce Certificate
-Crude birth rates
-Crude death rates
-Infant Mortality (Increase in African American)
-Mortality death rates
What is included in Demographic Data? - correct answer -Age
-Sex
-Race
-Ethics
-Social Class
-Occupation
-Marital/Health Status
-Health related behavior
-Use of Health Care
What is endemic? - correct answer Disease that occurs at a constant expected level in an area
What is Epidemic? - correct answer An unexpected increase of an infectious disease in an area over an extended period of time
What is a pandemic? - correct answer Steady occurrence of a disease over a large area/world-wide
What is the Nursing role of epidemiology surveillance? - correct answer -Case finding:
* Identifies who may be infected from exposure, identifying risk factors, and high risk behavior locations
-Reporting:
* Mandatory to CDC, 74 diseases
-Surveillance:
* Use of statistic measurements to look for trends, cycles, and monitoring (Who, What, When, Where, and Why)
-Follow-Up Evaluation:
* Is problem controlled?, Measures for preventions
What is the Triangle of Epidemiology? - correct answer host, agent, environment
What is a Vector? - correct answer Mechanical or Biological role in transmission of disease from source to host (insect).
What is an Agent? - correct answer Infectious, chemical, physical
-Microbes
-Bacterial
-Fungus
-Virus
-Parasites
What are Factors of agents? - correct answer -Virulence: the ability to produce severe disease
*Higher virulent organisms cause greater morbidity/mortality
-Pathogenicity: Seriousness
-Invasiveness: Spread throughout the rest of the body
-Infective dose: amount of microbes needed to produce a response.
*Highly infectious- Small amount of microbe needed to cause illness
-Resistance
What is a host? - correct answer Genetic susceptibility, acquired immutable characters, characteristics, life styles
What are environmental factors? - correct answer -Climate
-Plant/Animal
-Human Population Distribution
-Socioeconomic factors
-Working conditions
What is a Wheel Model? - correct answer Shows multiplicity of host and environmental factors
-Agent, Host, Environment
What is The Web of Causality? - correct answer Multiple population and environmental factors causing illness or disease
-Illustrates the complexity of relationships among casual variables for diesase
Ecological Model - correct answer Studies upward/broader context and downward to genetic and molecular etiology
-Encompasses determinate at many levels (biological, mental, behavioral, social, & environmental)
-Includes policy, culture, and economic environment.
Ecosocial Approach - correct answer Emphasizes role of evolving macro level factors and microbiological process in understanding health and illness.
-Challenges individual focused risk factors approach to understand disease.
Levels of Prevention - correct answer -Primary: Reduction of risk factors before occurrence of disease, condition, or injury
-Secondary: Early detection of potential development of disease, condition, injury
-Tertiary: Treatment of an existing symptomatic disease to delay/prevent progress
Primary prevention - correct answer Health promotion:
-Education
-Good Nutrition
-Personality development
-Adequate housing, recreation, & agreeable working conditions
-Marriage Counseling
-Sex education
-Genetics
-Periodic selective exams
Specific Protection:
-Immunizations
-Hygiene
-Environmental sanitations
-Protection against occupational hazards
-Use of specific nutrients
-Prevent/protect against accidents
-Protection from carcinogens
-Avoidance of allergies
Secondary prevention - correct answer Early diagnosis & Prompt treatment:
-Case finding measures, individual & mass
-Screening Surveys
-Selective exams (Objective)
-Cure & prevent disease process
-Prevent spread of communicable disease
-Prevent complications & sequelae
-Shorten periods of disability
Disability Limitation:
-Adequate treatment
-Provision of facilities
Tertiary prevention - correct answer Rehabilitation:
-Provisions of hospitals/facillities
*Retraining
*Education [Show Less]