Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the environment and health?
a. Because of the large number of variables
... [Show More] involved, the relationship between environment and health cannot be researched.
b. Because the environment has such long-term effects on health, research findings are not yet available.
c. Research shows that a healthy environment has limited impact on one's health.
d. Research shows that a healthy environment increases quality of life and years of healthy living. - correct answer ANS: D
A healthy environment increases quality of life and years of healthy living. Accumulated evidence shows that the environmental changes of the past few decades have profoundly influenced the status of public health. Globally, environmental factors contribute to nearly 25% of all deaths and increase disease burden (World Health Organization, 2006). The safety, beauty, and life-sustaining capacity of the physical environment are unquestionably of global consequence.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 250
When using an environmental perspective, which of the following would be the most important question for a nurse to ask when assessing potential health problems?
a. "Can you tell me how you have been feeling?"
b. "Can you tell me what you do at work?"
c. "What brings you here today?"
d. "What problems have you been having?" - correct answer ANS: B
Because 25% of worldwide preventable illnesses are caused by poor environmental quality, nurses need to ask critical questions about their clients' work and home environments to help discern the contributions of specific hazards to their health. This can be accomplished by an environmental health history. The other responses do not address a question that would be addressed during an environmental health history.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 250
How does critical theory differ from other nursing theories such as the health belief model or Orem's self-care deficit theory?
a. Critical theory can be used by professionals other than nurses.
b. Critical theory focuses on oppression and facilitates group action.
c. Critical theory is not directly related to health promotion.
d. Critical theory confronts changing an individual's beliefs. - correct answer ANS: B
Critical theory is an approach that raises questions about oppressive situations, involves community members in the definition and solution of problems, and facilitates group interventions. The other two theories focus more on individual beliefs and choice of action.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 250
Which of the following statements best describe why environmental health is more challenging than other variables related to an individual's health?
a. Environmental health affects susceptible individuals more than groups.
b. Environmental health demands that individuals be willing to change their beliefs.
c. Environmental health is dependent on social neighborhoods, as well as geography.
d. Environmental health requires social, economic, and political changes to improve. - correct answer ANS: D
Intervening to improve environmental conditions requires basic social, economic, and political changes. Aggregates must work together to create such change. The other responses do not address the multiple dimensions that must be impacted in order to impact change within environmental health.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 250
Which of the following nursing actions would be the most helpful to the community's long-term health?
a. Careful assessment, diagnosis, planning, and giving care to individual patients and their families
b. Dialogue with community members concerning what health issues are of importance in that community
c. Focusing on family health through school-based neighborhood clinics
d. Helping the community create political change through organization, use of media, legislative lobbying, and mass demonstrations - correct answer ANS: D
The ultimate goal is liberating people from health-damaging environmental conditions by using collective actions. Mechanisms have included strategic organization, litigation, public hearing testimony, letter-writing campaigns, legislative lobbying, and mass demonstrations. Helping the community create political change through organization, use of media, legislative lobbying, and mass demonstrations shows how collective action can be applied. The other interventions do not demonstrate the use of collective action.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 251
Which of the following best explains why it is difficult to get others interested in environmental health?
a. Environmental problems just are not interesting or dramatic.
b. It's difficult to get media interested.
c. People respond more to an acute crisis than chronic environmental problems.
d. People respond more to an individual asking for help than a community asking for help. - correct answer ANS: C
People respond to acute crises with dramatic media coverage (such as hurricanes or earthquakes), but ongoing consistent pressure is needed to ensure day-to-day environmental integrity. Chronic environmental problems are rarely addressed effectively.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: pp. 251-252
What would be an appropriate term for intoxicated drivers, secondhand smoke, urban crowding, noise, and mechanization?
a. Risks of living style
b. Risks in the built environment
c. Personal health risks
d. Modern day health risks - correct answer ANS: B
The built environment is the connection between people, communities, and their surrounding environments that affect health habits and behaviors, interpersonal relationships, cultural values, and customs. Most people live within areas that require almost daily contact with potential health risks and threats, such as intoxicated or impaired drivers, secondhand smoke, urban crowding, noise exposure, unabated traffic, and the stress of increased mechanization.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 253
What is meant by discriminatory land use?
a. Backlash against companies that do not protect the environment
b. Daily insults to people who live in a particular community
c. Locating industrial hazards in low-income communities
d. Political recognition that companies support a safe environment - correct answer ANS: C
Discriminatory land use ensures that many impoverished and marginalized groups, especially people of color, live in close proximity to industrial contamination. Members of these communities are at risk for illness and injury. The other responses do not correctly define discriminatory land use.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 253
It has been learned that a particular industry has vastly polluted the surrounding neighborhood. Which of the following actions would most likely be taken by those living in the neighborhood?
a. Band together to shut the industry down
b. Nothing, because of family ties and cost of relocation
c. Immediately move to a different neighborhood
d. Seek legal reimbursement for the hazard exposure - correct answer ANS: B
Residents may be unwilling to disrupt family ties and cultural roots to start over elsewhere, or they may be unable to afford to move. Residents are revictimized by the difficulty in obtaining compensation. Attempting to shut the industry down, seeking reimbursement for the hazard exposure, and immediately moving to a different neighborhood are all costly interventions and in most cases cannot be easily accomplished by most residents.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 254
Which of the following statements supports why it is believed that the risks of various employment positions are inaccurate?
a. Companies refuse to share employee injury information.
b. Because factories reimburse employees directly, the injury is not reported.
c. Individuals assume it is a personal problem, not an employment issue.
d. Most employment positions do not have known risks. - correct answer ANS: C
Statistics do not reflect unreported health problems. Collective problems related to employment or occupation are often perceived as individualized injuries, and no one "connects the dots." Companies are willing to share employee injury information and recognize the risks of employment, but the information may be inaccurate because of the perception of individualized injuries.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 254 | p. 256
Why are health care providers concerned over such social issues as mass transit, clean power, and the farming industry?
a. Because air pollutants are contributors to asthma and other health problems.
b. Clean power would reduce the pollution that results from burning of high-sulfur coal.
c. Manure runoff from industrial farming is polluting water and killing fish throughout the United States.
d. Mass transit would remove the problem of so many Americans being killed or injured by drunken or impaired drivers. - correct answer ANS: A
All three (mass transit, clean power, and industry) emit air pollutants, which result in smog, the most common outdoor air pollutant in the United States. Atmospheric pollutants cause or contribute to asthma, allergic reactions, bronchitis, lung cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and death. They also harm animals and plants. The most inclusive answer refers to air pollutants, although certainly, the others are true in society today.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: pp. 256-257
Which of the following statements best describes what has happened to air quality since the United States outlawed the use of chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and carbon tetrachloride?
a. Air quality immediately improved.
b. Air quality is slowly improving.
c. Little change occurred because these chemicals remain in the atmosphere.
d. Nothing has happened because other countries worldwide continue to extensively use these products. - correct answer ANS: C
These chemicals, which were in widespread use, remain in the atmosphere. Thus, air quality has not improved. This is a global concern and is being addressed worldwide by the World Health Organization.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 257
Which of the following is the leading cause of lung cancer among nonsmokers?
a. Secondhand smoke
b. Living near a nuclear power plant
c. Exposure to pesticides
d. Radon gas - correct answer ANS: D
Radon exposure is the leading cause of lung cancer among nonsmokers in the United States. It is estimated that radon causes an estimated 21,000 lung cancer deaths every year.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 258
Which of the following best describes a food desert?
a. The inability to store foods at an acceptable temperature
b. The inability to have healthy foods at home
c. A neighborhood with little to no access to healthy foods
d. A neighborhood that has experienced a recent food-borne illness - correct answer ANS: C
A food desert is a neighborhood with little or no access to healthy foods. There are significant disparities in access to healthy and fresh food supplies, with poor minority families being more likely to live in a food desert. The other responses are not the correct definition of a food desert.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 259
Which of the following is a direct result of global warming?
a. Decreased prevalence of infectious diseases
b. Increased water pollution from soil erosion
c. Decreased protection from the ozone layer
d. Increased number of parasites and insects - correct answer ANS: D
Global warming is the gradual increase in the average temperature of Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-twentieth century and its projected continuation (Easterling, 2011). Rising global temperatures may enhance the quantity and distribution of parasites, insects, and other disease vectors, potentially increasing the prevalence of a variety of infectious diseases.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 262
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn concerning efforts to decrease environmental pollution?
a. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets priorities for environmental problems and funds action.
b. Federal policies have been weakened, and enforcement lacks funding.
c. Federal recycling mandates have decreased waste products.
d. Legislation is increasingly being passed to force companies to lower toxic waste emissions. - correct answer ANS: B
Legislation in the 1970s was aimed toward a comprehensive national environmental policy. The momentum slowed in the 1980s, with policies being reversed and regulation losing its funding. This trend has continued. The EPA sets rules but lacks resources to accomplish the goals. There are no federal mandates for recycling, but local communities have made great strides in this area.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 262
In a community presentation about asthma, a nurse explained the causes of asthma in children, how to observe for "triggers" that lead to an attack, and how to use an inhaler. Which of the following statements best identifies what was omitted from this presentation?
a. The nurse did not ask the attendees to disclose if any of them smoke around children.
b. The nurse did not address actions that should be taken to improve air quality and only focused on the treatment of asthma.
c. The nurse did not address the need to avoid exposure to others who may have a communicable disease.
d. The nurse did not review the genetic components related to asthma in families. - correct answer ANS: B
By placing responsibility for the cause and cure of health problems exclusively on the individuals, the belief is reinforced that all individuals are free to control their lives. Such a perspective absolves society, government, industry, and business from accountability. Research suggests that changing individual behaviors does not lead to significant reductions in overall morbidity and morality in the absence of basic social, economic, and political changes. Thus, the nurse must include information in the presentation that addresses the need to improve air quality.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: pp. 263-264
The local stream was full of trash. The Boy Scouts had a cleanup day so they could again canoe on the stream. Which of the following actions should be taken by nurses in the local community?
a. Hold a dialogue with community members about the problem and its effects
b. Fight for stronger "do not trash" laws and harsher penalties
c. Lecture community organizations about the value of safe water for recreation
d. Put all personal trash in appropriate trash receptacles - correct answer ANS: A
An important nursing goal is to help people learn from their own experiences and analyze the world with an intention to change it. It is essential that those affected participate in the process of identifying and working to solve environmental problems. The nurse's role is to ask critical questions and help groups reflect on the environmental realities of their lives. The only way for the nurse to promote this involvement is through a dialogue with the community members.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (Application) REF: p. 265
How does participatory action research differ from other research methods?
a. Participatory action research does not use a control group.
b. Participatory action research does not require randomization.
c. Participatory action research is not based on a predetermined hypothesis.
d. Participatory action research poses solutions to the problem. - correct answer ANS: D
Participatory action research calls for nurses, community members, and other resource people to work together in identifying health problems, designing the studies, collecting and analyzing the data, disseminating the results, and posing solutions to the problems. The research process (use of control groups, randomization, and using a predetermined hypothesis) is part of participatory action research.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 266
Which of the following strategies should a nurse use to remember what should be included in a health history?
a. Always use a preprinted form
b. Depend on education to learn this
c. Depend on experience to know what to ask
d. Memorize the I PREPARE mnemonic
e. Memorize the I HEALTH mnemonic - correct answer ANS: D
The I PREPARE environmental exposure history mnemonic is a quick reference for primary care providers.
I—Investigate Potential Exposures
P—Present Work
R—Residence
E—Environmental Concerns
P—Past Work
A—Activities
R—Referrals and Resources
E—Educate
This tool will help the nurse remember what to ask to determine environmental factors relevant to health.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 262
Which of the following describe a problem with the U.S. water quality today? (Select all that apply.)
a. Companies demand high reimbursement when asked to stop dumping heavy metals into local water sources.
b. Many aquifers are contaminated with pesticides and fertilizers.
c. More than 45 million Americans drink untreated water.
d. Sediment from construction, agriculture, and deforestation is often present.
e. Underground water, if contaminated, cannot be cleansed.
f. Water-related diseases (cholera, typhoid, dysentery) frequently occur. - correct answer ANS: B, C, D, E
More than 45 million Americans obtain water from private wells, which have no treatment or monitoring guidelines. Water quality problems include dosing reservoirs with chemicals to reduce algae, contaminating aquifers with pesticides and fertilizers, and leaching lead from water pipes. Underground water cannot be cleansed. Companies demand high reimbursement when asked to stop dumping heavy metals into local water sources and the frequent occurrence of water-related diseases (cholera, typhoid, dysentery) are not current problems with the water quality in the United States.
Which of the following have been identified as part of the core environmental health competencies? (Select all that apply.)
a. Assurance
b. Assessment
c. Policy development
d. Management
e. Advocacy
f. Communication - correct answer ANS: B, D, F
The National Center for Environmental Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the American Public Health Association have established three core competencies for Environmental Health professionals: (1) assessment, (2) management, and (3) communication. Assurance, policy development, and advocacy are not part of the core environmental health competencies.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 264 | p. 265
Which of the following best describes the primary reason that Americans are concerned about health care?
a. Politicians are discussing how to improve health care.
b. The media has provided mixed messages about the health care system.
c. Our national health care costs keep increasing.
d. The new health care system offers free services to Americans. - correct answer ANS: C
The primary reason for the focus on health care is the constantly increasing costs, which cannot be sustained. The costs of caring for the sick accounted for the majority of escalating health care dollars, which increased from 5.7% of the gross domestic product in 1965 to 17.6% in 2009. Politicians and the media both influence Americans' perceptions about health care; however, they are not the primary reason why Americans are concerned. The new health care system will change the health care access and availablity, but will not necessarily be offering any free services to Americans.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 2
A nurse has begun to lobby with politicians for changes to the health care system. Why is this involvement important?
a. Nurses, as central characters in several popular TV series, are currently very visible in American media.
b. Nurses are primarily responsible for managing the various units in our health care system.
c. Nurses are the largest group of health care providers.
d. Nurses are the only group that is employed both inside and outside of hospitals. - correct answer ANS: C
As the largest group of health care providers, nurses are informed about the current health care system and all the problems that result from people not seeking care until they are desperately ill. Nurses, as the American Nurses Association (ANA) emphasize, usually believe that health care is a right, not a privilege. Therefore, nurses, whose work is central to our current health care delivery system, can also be instrumental in working politically to create a health care delivery system that will meet health needs. While nurses are in several current TV series and are employed both inside and outside of hospitals, physicians and other health care providers are as well. Nurses are often managers, but managers often have other backgrounds, such as business administration.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 2
What conclusion can be drawn from examining where nurses are employed?
a. There is a trend toward consolidation of health care into large central medical centers.
b. There is an increased emphasis on community-based health care.
c. There is an obvious need to decrease health care costs by cutting positions.
d. Managed care organizations (MCOs) are employing nurses to improve customer relations. - correct answer ANS: B
MCOs are employing nurses in many capacities. Although hospitals are closing and acute care is increasingly found in central medical centers, the same trend may be seen in an increase in neighborhood-based practice centers. While positions are cut in most industries, health care is recognized as an area where growth in employment is expected. However, nurses are increasingly employed in community settings as opposed to hospitals. This change reflects the move toward community-based care rather than hospital-based tertiary care. To help decrease the continued rise in health care costs, the increased emphasis is on disease prevention rather than high-cost treatment.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (Comprehension) REF: p. 2
Which ethical belief would be most helpful in the current health care crisis?
a. Emphasis should be on individual and corporation freedom in the marketplace.
b. Emphasis should be on individual autonomy and freedom of choice.
c. Emphasis should be on social justice and collective responsibility.
d. Emphasis should be on the effectiveness of technology in resolving problems. - correct answer c
What is the primary problem seen in Healthy People 2020's emphasis on choosing healthy lifestyle behaviors, such as daily exercise or healthy food choices?
a. Emphasis on other lifestyle choices, such as not smoking and minimal use of alcohol or drugs, is also needed.
b. All of us must work together to make unhealthy behaviors socially unacceptable.
c. It costs more to make healthy choices, such as buying and eating fresh fruits and vegetables as opposed to quick and cheap fast-food choices.
d. Public policy emphasizes personal responsibility but ignores social and environmental changes needed for well-being. - correct answer d
What responsibility does the American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics require of the nurse beyond giving excellent care to patients?
a. Accept longer work schedules to ensure that professional care is always available to clients
b. Recognize the need for experienced nurses to mentor new graduates to help increase and expand the number of professionals available
c. Support health legislation to improve accessibility and cost of health care
d. Volunteer to work overtime as needed to ensure maximum quality of care - correct answer c
What is the community health nursing definition of health?
a. Health is a person's goal-directed purposeful process toward well-being or wholeness.
b. Health is an individual's physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
c. Health is the mutual adaptation between a person and his or her environment in meeting daily existence.
d. Health is families and aggregates choosing actions to ensure safety and well-being. - correct answer d
How does community health nursing define community?
a. A group of persons living within specific geographic boundaries
b. A group of persons who share a common identity and environment
c. A group of persons who work together to meet common goals
d. Persons who form a group to resolve a common concern - correct answer b
Which variable has a major influence on a community's health?
a. Behavior choices made by persons in the community
b. Number of health care providers and hospitals in the community
c. Quality of the public safety officers (police officers, firefighters, etc.)
d. The number and credentials of public health officials in the community - correct answer a
What change could most effectively lead to a longer life span in Americans?
a. Parenting and sexual behavior classes in all public school systems
b. Legislation restricting alcohol and drug use
c. Notably reducing speed limits on all state and federal highways, and changing the age limit for driving to 21 years of age
d. The belief that smoking is shameful and disgusting, as well as expensive, becoming the social norm - correct answer d
What is the health issue causing the most concern in the United States today?
a. Diabetes epidemic
b. Increase in cardiac disease
c. Increase in obesity
d. Rise in cancer rates - correct answer c
What factors are most responsible for the increasing length of life of Americans over the past 100 years?
a. Better nutrition and family planning options
b. Education concerning the need to reduce salt and fat in the diet
c. Improved medical care, including exciting new technologies
d. More efficient cancer screenings and early intervention - correct answer a
Why would a public health nurse want to know about morbidity and mortality statistics on the local, state, and national level?
a. To be able to share current trends in health problems with the community
b. To be able to observe the community's statistics over time and compare the community with other communities
c. To justify local budgets and the need for increased income from citizens
d. To publicize current health issues and suggest appropriate actions to citizens - correct answer b
How do public health efforts differ from medical efforts in improving the health of our citizens?
a. Medical care providers autonomously choose appropriate interventions, whereas public health care providers must engage in whatever actions legislation requires.
b. Medical care providers are self-employed or agency employed, whereas public health care providers are employed by and paid through the government.
c. Medical care providers focus only on individuals, whereas public health care providers focus only on aggregates.
d. Medical care providers focus on disease diagnosis and management, whereas public health care providers focus on health promotion and disease prevention. - correct answer d
Which primary prevention would the school nurse choose to address the school's number of unwed pregnancies?
a. Create a class on parenting for both the moms-to-be and the dads-to-be
b. Convince the school board to allow sex education classes to include birth control measures
c. Employ the moms-to-be as 1-hour-a-day employees in the school day care center for children born to school students
d. Establish a class where all the unwed moms-to-be can learn infant care - correct answer b
What would be the proper term for the action of the school health nurse arranging for all the students in the elementary school to receive H1N1 immunizations?
a. Health education
b. Secondary prevention
c. Specific protection
d. Tertiary prevention - correct answer c
Which action would probably result in the largest change in health care outcomes for Americans?
a. Establish large numbers of scholarships for education of nurses, physicians, and other health care providers
b. Fund a one-time extremely large stimulus to allow all health care providers and agencies to create and integrate computer network systems for client health care records
c. Increase funding for hospitals and medical centers to expand their neighborhood clinics
d. Redirect a large portion of federal funding from acute care to health promotion activities - correct answer d
Which task will be most helpful in meeting the public health agency's goals?
a. Complete staff evaluations in preparation for individual meetings to plan their agency and individual goals for the next year
b. Actively participate in community agencies' collaborative action plan to meet the community's health goals for the year
c. Meet with the college of nursing faculty to finalize student objectives and schedules for the next semester
d. Teach a free course in healthful living for community residents - correct answer b
A community health nurse is overwhelmed with all that needs to be done in one day. Which task could most easily be postponed?
a. Reviewing the most recent hospital patient data collected by the local college of nursing
b. Deciding which of several possible new clinic options would be most effective in better meeting the needs of the local community
c. Evaluating the results of the most recent community-wide screening program before planning for the next community health program
d. Giving testimony to the state legislature on a new health and safety bill - correct answer a
A nurse who works on the surgical unit at the local hospital was asked by the home health unit to make a home visit to a patient who had been discharged the previous day and to give follow-up care (for overload pay). What kind of nursing would this nurse be doing?
a. Acute care hospital nursing
b. Community-based nursing
c. Community health nursing
d. Public health nursing - correct answer b
Which task is most crucial for the community health nurse to do well?
a. Review the most recent morbidity and mortality data
b. Create a new clinic to better meet local health needs
c. Evaluate the results of the recent screening program
d. Give testimony regarding proposed state health legislation - correct answer d
A new public health nurse carefully assessed all the local mortality and morbidity data in preparation for making appropriate planning suggestions at a meeting next week. What other action is crucial before the nurse can feel prepared?
a. Ask other nursing staff their perceptions of the community's needs
b. Assess the nurse's own assets, strengths, and ability to contribute
c. Meet members of the community to determine their culture and values
d. Review discussions and decisions from previous meetings - correct answer c
A nurse works hard to develop alliances among various community organizations toward improving health in the community. What are actions such as this called?
a. Building coalitions
b. Collaboration
c. Communication
d. Community cooperation - correct answer a
After completing a master's degree, a nurse took a course in marketing. Should the agency reimburse the nurse's tuition costs?
a. No, courses taken for personal enjoyment are not eligible.
b. No, courses taken outside the professional's responsibilities are not eligible.
c. Yes, the nurse is demonstrating professional commitment by continuing education.
d. Yes, the nurse could use such information in social marketing for the agency. - correct answer d
26. Which factor is most responsible for differences in an individual's health?
a. Culture of the majority of the community's citizens
b. Individual's education and income
c. Number of physicians and other health care providers in the community
d. Quality of the community health agency and hospital in the community - correct answer b
What are the leading health indicators found in Healthy People 2020? (Select all that apply.)
a. Financial issues
b. Health system issues
c. Individual behaviors
d. Issues related to legal and illegal immigration
e. Legislative issues
f. Physical and social environmental factors - correct answer b,c,f
What historically have been public health nurses' two most important priorities? (Select all that apply.)
a. Establishing school nursing to improve care of children
b. Engaging in political activity to improve living conditions
c. Giving superb clinical bedside care in the home
d. Increasing funding to public health efforts
e. Teaching family members how to care for their family
f. Working with the community to confront health issues and poverty - correct answer b,f
As in Healthy People 2010, what are the two primary goals of Healthy People 2020? (Select all that apply.)
a. Eliminate health disparities
b. Expand health promotion activities in every community
c. Improve funding, including diverting funds from other priorities to health care
d. Improve health outcomes measures to be more consistent with other developed nations' outcomes
e. Increase quality and years of healthy life
f. Reduce mortality and morbidity figures nationwide - correct answer a,e
Which of the following best describes the first measures used by large communities to ensure community health?
a. Building safe sewage disposal systems
b. Healthy food choices and exercise
c. Praying to the gods for preservation
d. Use of medicine and other herbal remedies - correct answer a
A nurse has determined that there is always a consistent level of people in the population who experience pneumonia. Which of the following best describes the prevalence of this disease?
a. Prevalent
b. Endemic
c. Epidemic
d. Pandemic - correct answer b
Which of the following best describes a modern public health practice that was originally developed as a means of self-protection from the Black Death (bubonic plague)?
a. Care in a hospital
b. Chemical intervention
c. Isolation and quarantine
d. Herbal remedies - correct answer c
A scholar during the Sanitary Revolution created medical topographies. What was the advantage of these surveys?
a. Citizens knew which wells were safe to use for drinking water.
b. People knew what housing areas to avoid.
c. Results demonstrated environmental factors related to regional disease.
d. The king could isolate areas of disease from safe areas. - correct answer c
How did Edwin Chadwick's ideas help decrease disease in the nineteenth century?
a. The minimum wage was increased leading to improved quality of life.
b. Parish workhouses where poverty-level children labored for their room and board were closed.
c. Social reform legislation resulted in changes such as sidewalks.
d. The new emphasis on individual responsibility encouraged people to act to protect their own health. - correct answer c
Which of the following best describes how John Snow was able to decrease deaths from cholera?
a. Removed a source of contaminated water
b. Created the world's first antibiotic
c. Encouraged the new process of vaccination
d. Helped pass laws that required home quarantine - correct answer a
Which of the following nursing interventions would have most likely been used by Florence Nightingale when treating wounded soldiers?
a. Establishing private visits with spouses
b. Improving food, clothing, and cleanliness
c. Administering intravenous medications
d. Completing a community assessment of the army hospital - correct answer b
Which of the following best describes how Nightingale responded to challenges about her suggestions for reform of health care?
a. She influenced male friends as political leaders to publicize her ideas.
b. She conveyed her statistical data in more detail and depth, and shared it with political leaders.
c. She encouraged those who challenged her to come up with more acceptable approaches to lowering the death rate.
d. She understood their concerns and tried to word her suggestions in a more politically acceptable way. - correct answer b
Which of the following groups was primarily responsible for the establishment of the first school of public health?
a. The American Medical Association
b. The Association of State Departments of Public Health
c. The federal government
d. The Rockefeller Foundation - correct answer d
Which of the following best describes the district nursing service created in the United States by Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster?
a. House on Henry Street
b. Visiting Nurses Association
c. New York City District Nursing Service
d. Wald and Brewster Nursing Service - correct answer a [Show Less]