Type 1 Diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER Characterized by severe insulin deficiency related to
beta cell destruction.
Immune mediated- 1A
Idiopathic -
... [Show More] 1B
Type 2 Diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER Characterized by abnormal secretion of insulin or
insulin resistance.
Prediabetes - CORRECT ANSWER Elevated glucose with impaired tolerance. Does not meet
type 2 diabetes diagnosis criteria.
Type 1 Diabetes Risk Factors - CORRECT ANSWER Younger age, Caucasian/European decent,
Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors - CORRECT ANSWER Genetics, Obesity, AA, HTN, older than
45yo, HDL <35mg/dl, Triglycerides > 250mg/dl, minorities.
Diabetes Diagnostic Criteria - CORRECT ANSWER A1c >6.5, Fasting Glucose >126, Random
Glucose >200, Symptoms, Glucose Tolerance Test >200. Confirmation with repeat testing.
Type 1 Diabetes Initial Treatment - CORRECT ANSWER Normalize blood glucose with
insulin. Goal sugar level AC 80-130. A1C <7%
Type 2 Diabetes Initial Treatment - CORRECT ANSWER Lifestyle changes, nutrition and
exercise counseling, balance and flexibility training. 500-700calories/day for weight loss.
150min/week divided x3 days for exercise.
If A1C >10- insulin
If A1C >7.5- metformin and 2nd agent
If A1C<7.5- metformin and lifestyle changes
Insulin side effects - CORRECT ANSWER hypoglycemia
Metformin side effects - CORRECT ANSWER GI upset, lactic acidosis
Diabetes treatment in Healthy older adult - CORRECT ANSWER A1C goal <7.5%, FBS 90-
130, HS glucose 90-150, BP <140/90, RX -Statin unless contraindicated
Diabetes treatment in Complex older adult - CORRECT ANSWER With multiple chronic
illnesses; A1C goal <8%, FBS 90-150, HS glucose 100-180, BP <140/90, RX -Statin unless
contraindicated
Diabetes treatment in End-Stage older adult - CORRECT ANSWER Poor health/end stage
diseases; A1C goal <8.5%, FBS 100-180, HS glucose 110-200, BP <150/90, consider -Statin
benefit for secondary prevention.
A1C level denoting strong control - CORRECT ANSWER A1C 7% or below
A1C level denoting low risk for complications - CORRECT ANSWER A1C <6.5%
Weight Loss in Diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER Aids in decreasing A1C, decreases insulin
resistance, Metformin can be used to assist if BMI >35 or patient has gestational DM.
This is not recommended in frail elderly r/t risk of sarcopenia.
Diabetes Evaluations Required at F/U visit - CORRECT ANSWER Response and toleration of
treatment, BP, home glucose control, medication reconciliation, foot exam, urine/kidney check
(Labs), A1C check (every 3-6 mos), Neuro check (r/o neuropathies), immunization check, and
oral examination. [Show Less]