Prediabetes - CORRECT ANSWER a condition in which the blood sugar level is higher than
normal, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes;
... [Show More] fasting glucose consistently
elevated above the normal range but less than 100-125;
impaired glucose tolerance - CORRECT ANSWER state of hyperglycemia where 2 hr post
glucose load glycemic level is 140-199
Type 1 diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER severe insulin deficiency resulting in reduction or
absence of functioning beta cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. This leads to
hyperglycemia due to altered metabolism of lipids, carbs, and proteins
Type 1 diabetes: subjective - CORRECT ANSWER polyuria, polydipsia, nocturnal enuresis and
polyphagia with paradoxical weight loss, visual changes and fatigue
Type 1 diabetes: Objective - CORRECT ANSWER dehydration (poor skin turgor and dry
mucous), wt loss despite normal/increase appetite, reduction in muscle mass. DKA (fatigue,
cramping, abnormal breathing, halitosis (rotten fruit + nail polish smell)
Retinopathy; Complication of long standing T1D - CORRECT ANSWER 1. dilation of retinal
venules and retinal capillary microaneurysms. 2. Increased vascular permeability. 3. Retinal
ischemia due to vascular occlusion. 4. Angiogenesis - proliferation of new retinal surface blood
vessels. 5. Retinal hemorrhage with fibrovascular proliferation and contraction, which may lead
to retinal detachment
Skin complications; Complication of long standing T1D - CORRECT ANSWER chronic
pyogenic infections or necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (plaques with shiny yellow surface on
anterior surfaces of legs or dorsal aspects of ankles)
Paresthesia; Complication of long standing T1D - CORRECT ANSWER distal extremities ->
leads to (foot ulcers, burns on hands from cooking)
Cranial nerve palsies; Complication of long standing T1D - CORRECT ANSWER Gaze
deviations in affected eyes
Type 2 DM - CORRECT ANSWER characterized by the abnormal secretion of insulin,
resistance to the action of insulin in the target tissues, and/or an inadequate response at the level
of the insulin receptor. A patient may, however, present with pruritus, fatigue, neuropathic
complaints such as numbness and tingling, or blurred vision
Ethnicity - CORRECT ANSWER Diabetes most common risk factor
Most common ethnicities at risk for DM - CORRECT ANSWER African American; Latino;
Native American; Asian American; Pacific Islander
Diabetes Diagnostic Criteria - CORRECT ANSWER - hba1c > 6.5 OR
- fasting (no caloric intake for at least 8 hours) plasma glucose >126 OR
- 2 hour plasma glucose >200 during an oral glucose tolerance test following a glucose load of
75 g glucose OR
- patent with symptoms of hyperglycemia, a random plasma glucose >200
results should be confirmed by repeat testing on a new blood sample without delay, preferably
using the same type of test - CORRECT ANSWER absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia
Type 2 DM Diagnosis - CORRECT ANSWER two fasting blood glucoses ≥126 mg/dL or two
random blood glucoses ≥200 mg/dL.
Type 1 DM diagnosis - CORRECT ANSWER You do not screen
Type 2 DM screen - CORRECT ANSWER · an individual is overweight or obese, regardless of
age, and for all adults aged 45 years and older. Tests should be repeated at a minimum of 3 year
intervals
Insulin - CORRECT ANSWER Type 1 DM first line treatment
Type 1 DM 2017 ADA standards - CORRECT ANSWER treated with multiple daily injections
of prandial insulin and daily basal insulin or with a continuous SQ insulin infusion pump
Typ 1 DM - CORRECT ANSWER - Goal is to normalize the elevated blood glucose level;
- achieve plasma glucose levels:
o Before meals: 80-130 o Peak postprandial (1-2 hours after the beginning of a meal): < 180 o
Hgb A1C < 7%
80-130 - CORRECT ANSWER Goal Type 1 diabetes: before meal goal
<180 - CORRECT ANSWER Goal Type 1 diabetes: Peak postprandial (1-2 hours after the
beginning of a meal)
<7% - CORRECT ANSWER Goal type 1 diabetes: HgbA1C:
Single-dose therapy Type 1 diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER Intermediate or long-acting insulin
with or without regular insulin in the morning
Or Intermediate or long acting insulin at bedtime
Recommended at a minimum self monitoring blood glucose in the morning and at bedtime
Conventional Split Dose Therapy Type 1 diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER · Mixture of NPH and
regular insulin in the morning and evening
· Recommended at a minimum SMBG before each dosing and at bedtime [Show Less]