Midterm Exam: NR503/ NR 503 (2023/ 2024
Update) Population Health, Epidemiology &
Statistical Principles Exam Review |100%
Correct| Questions and
... [Show More] Verified Answers| A
Grade - Chamberlain
QUESTION
What does "causation" mean? Can you relate causation to primary, secondary, and tertiary
interventions?
Answer:
A useful definition of causation for population research is that an increase in the causal factor or
exposure causes an increase in the outcome of interest (e.g., disease). With that said, if an
association is found between an exposure and an outcome, then the next question is: Is it causal?
Other criteria for causation include the dose-response relationship. For example, with increasing
exposure (e.g., smoking), one can see increasing risk of disease (e.g., lung cancer). Similarly, if
one has a cessation of exposure, one would expect a cessation or reduction of disease. Finally,
another criterion worth mentioning is consistency with other knowledge. This criterion takes into
consideration knowledge of other known factors (e.g., environmental changes, product sales,
behavioral changes) that may indicate a causal relationship. For example, if a law is passed that
prohibits smoking in public places, it may result in fewer cases of smoking-related diseases
reported in area hospitals. These criteria, in concert with a strong study design and methodology,
can assist an APRN in determining the likelihood of causality when an association is found
between an exposure and an outcome
QUESTION
What are methods to measure health outcomes?
Answer:
Health outcomes are usually defined as an end result that follows some kind of healthcare
provision, treatment, or intervention and may describe a patient's condition or health status
(Kleinpell, 2007; Kleinpell & Gawlinski, 2005; Oermann & Floyd, 2002). Using a population
perspective, a health outcome can be measured using public health metrics, such as mortality and
life expectancies, that are used to demonstrate the contribution of certain diseases to population
mortality. New trends also emphasize the inclusion of qualitative metrics that are based on
subjective data, such as self-perceived health status, psychological state, or ability to function,
that can illustrate collective social well-being
QUESTION
What are elements of the Action Model?
Answer:
assessment, monitoring, evaluation, and dissemination
QUESTION
Population Health
Answer:
health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the
group
QUESTION
Period Prevalence Rate
Answer:
measures the number of cases of disease during a specific period of time and is a measure of
burden.
QUESTION
Sensitivity
Answer:
a measure of a screening test's ability to accurately identify disease when it is present.
QUESTION
Specificity
Answer:
a measure of a screening test's ability to correctly identify a person without [Show Less]