Indirect practice
(1) improve the effectiveness and efficiency of service provision and (2) bring about changes in policies, programs, or budgets,
(3)
... [Show More] changes in communities and organizations.
(4) policy development, program planing, program evaluation, administration, and intervention with communities.
Using Biopsychosocial Approach
1. Multidimensional framework
2. Risk factor
3. Person-in-environment framework
4. Ecosystems theory
Multidimensional framework
(1) examine the full range of possible causes and explanations of a client's functioning.
(2) Gathering information and theory from the biophysical,psychological, and social dimensions.
Risk factor
When working to identify potential causal factors, SW consider precipitants (activating situations) to the problems.
Person-in-environment framework
(1) understand the client's situation from this framework
(2) Consider the client as part of an environmental system
Ecosystms theory
It concerned with the study and description of human beings and other living systems and the transactions between them, and it proposes that psychological prepossess are manifestations of interaction between and among biological, interpersonal, cultural political, economic, legal, and organizational forces and that theses forces interact continually and influence a persons' behavior during her entire lifespan.
The phases of Assessment
1. Data collection - avoid jumping to conclusions about the nature or causes of the client's problem at this time.
2. Organizing and Studying the data - should include client's strengths and deficiencies
The presenting problem
Consists of symptoms and issues, or difficulties
"I have trouble forming relationships with men"
"I'm so depressed"
"My husband and I can't stop fighting"
Problems may also include others such as family members, coworkers.
Questions to explore in problem assessment
1. problems and concerns
2. Legal mandates
3. Health or safety issues
4. signs and symptoms - it is something observed by you rather than reported by the client
5. individuals/ systems
6. interact
7. severity
8. duration
9. where, when and frequency
10. consequences
11. emotional reactions
12. meanings
13. developmental stage or life transition
14. other issues
15. coping skills
16. skills, strengths, resources
17. cultural, social and social class
18. support system
19. external resources
Guidelines for conducting a competent assessment
1. Follow the principles of relevance and salience - limited sessions under managed care.
2. Address top priorities FIRST
3. Gather information from a variety of sources
4. Recognize the uniqueness of the client - Should not draw final conclusions about client.
5. Adopt a strengths perspective
6. Be aware of factors that can affect a client's response - Malingering / defensiveness
7. View assessment as both a product and a process
Address top priorities FIRST
1. Start where the client is - "What the client sees as her primary problem or concern?"
2. Legal mandates - should be addressed at the begining
3. Health /Safety concerns
Malingering
"Faking bad"
Defensiveness
"Faking good"
Independent assessments vs Clinical Team approach
Independent assessment - assessment completed in 1-3 sessions/ the worker may consult with colleagues or professionals when the client's case situation is complicated
Clinical team approach - SW role is to compile a social history off the client.
Skills for eliciting the presenting problem
1. "Start where the client is"
2. Make statements that allows client to choose her own direction
3. Ask Open-Ended questions
4. Seek clarification
Start where the client is
1. allow a client to speak freely about the concerns - speak upto 10 or 15 minutes
2. if the client is upset - FIRST, reducing her distress or negative feelings - "Responding Emphatically" or "Reflective Opening"
Responding empahtically
Responding empathically to the client's feelings and communicating your understanding and acceptance.
Reflective opening
"Somethings, it can be difficult to get started"
" You seems upset today"
Make statements that allow client to choose her own direction
"Tell me about your problem", "How can I help you?"
Open-end questions
Allow the client to present her own view of the problem
Closed-ended questions
"When was your most recent psychical exam?" or simple "Yes" or "No" answers [Show Less]