Erik Erikson
known for his 8-stage theory of psychosocial development focusing on resolving successive identity crises
Basic Trust Vs Mistrust
... [Show More] (Erikson)
infants learn trust and develop a sense of safety through the consistency of the caregiver meeting their needs (birth to one year)
Autonomy Vs Shame & Doubt (Erikson)
toddlers learn to do things for themselves through encouragement and support (1-3 years)
Initiative Vs Guilt (Erikson)
preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or they feel guilty about their efforts at independence (3-6 years)
Industry Vs Inferiority (Erikson)
school-age children learn the pleasure of applying oneself to a task, or they feel inferior (6-12 years)
Identity Vs Role Confusion (Erikson)
teenagers develop a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are (12-20 years)
Intimacy Vs Isolation (Erikson)
young adults work on forming and maintaining intimate relationships or they feel socially isolated (20-25 years)
Generativity Vs Stagnation (Erikson)
middle-aged adults discover a sense of contributing through family or work, or they may feel a lack of purpose (25-65 years)
Ego Integrity Vs Despair (Erikson)
older adults reflect on satisfaction with their lives or feel a sense of failure (65 years to death)
Social Development - Micro
learning how to behave and interact well with others; learning how to manage feelings in a way that is productive rather than counterproductive
Social Development - Macro
learning how people interact in groups and society (family, community), especially in regards to social norms, institutional change, and inclusion
Emotional Development
learning self-awareness, self-regulation, social skills, cooperation, attention, transitioning from one activity to another, self-confidence, forming and maintaining relationships
Six Levels of Cognition
knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation (KCAASE)
Knowledge
rote memorization, recognition, recall of facts (1st level of cognition)
Comprehension
understanding what facts mean (2nd level of cognition)
Application
correct use of facts, rules, or ideas (3rd level of cognition)
Analysis
breaking information down into its component parts (4th level of cognition)
Synthesis
combination of facts, ideas, or information to make a new whole (5th level of cognition)
Evaluation
judging or forming an opinion about the information or situation (6th level of cognition)
Jean Piaget
known for his 4-stage theory of cognitive development in children
Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget)
infants and young toddlers explore using the senses and learn object permanence (birth to 2 years)
Preoperational Stage (Piaget)
young children engage in symbolic thinking (pretend play and imaginary friends) and concrete, egocentric thinking (2-7 years)
Concrete Operations Stage (Piaget)
school-age children engage in logical thinking, understanding rules and cause-effect relationships (7-11 years)
Formal Operations Stage (Piaget)
by puberty, people are able to engage in abstract hypothetical thinking, plan for the future, and test hypotheses (11 years through adulthood)
Lawrence Kohlberg
known for his theory of stages of moral development
Preconventional Morality (Kohlberg)
obeys authority out of fear of punishment; acts in own best interests; conforms to receive rewards (childhood)
Conventional Morality (Kohlberg)
acts to gain approval from others; obeys laws and fulfills obligations to maintain social system; avoids censure and guilt (adolescents & most adults)
Postconventional Morality (Kohlberg)
genuine interest in others' welfare; concerned with individual rights and being morally right; guided by principles and concerns based on broad, universal ethics and morality (some adults)
Learning Theory - Behaviorism
learning is viewed through change in behavior and the stimuli in the external environment are the locus of learning; change the external environment and change behavior
Learning Theory - Cognitive Theory
learning is viewed through internal mental processes (insight, information processing, memory, perception) and the locus of learning is internal cognitive structures; develop opportunities to foster capacity and skills to improve learning
Learning Theory - Humanism
learning is viewed as a person's activities aimed at reaching his or her full potential, and the locus of learning is in meeting cognitive and other needs; develop the whole person
Learning Theory - Social Theory
learning is obtained between people and their environment--their interactions and observations in social contexts; establish opportunities for conversation and participation
Respondent Behavior (Behaviorism)
involuntary behavior (anxiety, sexual response) that is automatically elicited by certain behavior. A stimulus elicits a response.
Operant Behavior (Behaviorism)
voluntary behavior (walking, talking) that is controlled by its consequences in the environment
Classical Conditioning
learning to associate an involuntary response and a stimulus (Pavlov's dogs develop the expectation that they will be fed when a bell rings)
Operant Conditioning
learning to associate a voluntary response with a consequence (Skinner's rats develop the expectation that they will get food by pressing a lever)
Best known applications of behavior modification
sexual dysfunction, phobic disorders, compulsive behaviors (overeating, smoking), and training for people with intellectual disabilities or Autism Spectrum Disorder
Behavioral theories suggest that personality is a result of...
interaction between the individual and the environment
Behavioral theories focus on...
observable and measurable behaviors rather than internal thoughts and feelings
advantages of client self-monitoring (Behaviorism)
inexpensive, practical, therapeutic
disadvantages of client self-monitoring (Behaviorism)
clients collecting inadequate/inaccurate information or resisting to collect any at all
Positive Reinforcement (Operant Technique)
increases probability that behavior will occur: praise, giving tokens, or otherwise rewarding positive behavior
Negative Reinforcement (Operant Technique)
behavior increases because a negative/aversive stimulus is removed (i.e., remove shock)
Positive Punishment (Operant Technique)
presentation of undesirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior (i.e., spanking)
Negative Punishment (Operant Technique)
removal of a desirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior (i.e., time out)
Aversion Therapy
behavioral treatment aimed at reducing the attractiveness of a stimulus or behavior by pairing it with an aversive stimulus (i.e., treating alcoholism with Antabuse) [Show Less]