what does the AAP recommend?
-that infants be breastfed exclusively for the first 6 months of life but should continue for at least 12 months.
-if
... [Show More] infants are weaned before 12 months, they should receive iron-fortified infant formula
women most likely to breastfeed
women over 30, caucasian and well educated
benefits of breast-feeding
-contains growth factors that promote development of the brain and GI system
-bacteriologically safe
-has nutrients that are more easily absorbed than in formula
contraindications of breastfeeding
-galactosemia in infant
-active TB
-HIV
-T-cell lymphotropic virus I or II
-maternal chemotherapy or therapeutic radioactive isotopes
-maternal use of "street drugs"
Galactosemia
not able to digest galactose- baby will die.
people who have immigrated from poorer countries think that:
formula is better
US-born hispanic women:
are less likely to initiate breast-feeding
muslim and jewish cultures:
value breastfeeding
anatomy of breast
-composed of 15 to 20 segments (lobes) embedded in fat and connective tissues
-well supplied with blood
what are in each lobe of the breast?
alveoli, the milk-producing cells, surrounded by myoepithelial cells
How many pores does each nipple have?
15 to 20
what is it that triggers the release of prolactin
decrease in estrogen and progesterone after delivery of placenta
When are prolactin levels the highest?
during the first 10 days after birth and gradually decline but remain above baseline levels for duration of lactation
oxytocin
-other hormone essential to lactation
-also responsible for contracting uterus after birth
what produces oxytocin?
the posterior pituitary prompted by the hypothalamus
what reflexes is oxytocin responsible for
-milk-ejection reflex
-let-down reflex
synthetic oxytocin
pitocin
what does human milk contain
-digestive enzymes
-the proteins Whey and Casein
When does stage 1 of lactogenesis happen
begins at 16 to 18 weeks of pregnancy
what is produced in stage 1 of lactogenesis
-colostrum
-rich in immune globulins
-high concentration of proteins and minerals
-less fat than mature milk
When does stage 2 of lactogenesis occur
by day 3 to 5 when copious amounts of milk comes in to breast
At the beginning of nursing what is released?
-foremilk
-60% skim milk
-35% whole milk
-provides lactose, protein, and water-soluble vitamins
Hindmilk
-(cream)
-5%
-increases after initial "let-down"
rooting reflex
head will turn towards finger if brushed against side of cheek
*Frequency of feedings
at least q 3h
**how many times should a woman breastfeed in 24 hours?
8 to 12 times
skin to skin
-helps regulate baby's blood glucose
-regulates baby's breathing
how do you know a full-term infant is getting enough milk
-feeds 8 to 12 times in 24 hours
-has burst of sucking and swallowing
-enough wet and soiled diapers
-regains birth weight in 10 to 14 days
what does prolactin cause for mom?
vaginal dryness
when is it best to breast-feed?
within one hour of birth
when does breast milk change in composition?
-with each stage of lactation
-during each feeding
-as the infant grows
breast milk production is based on a _______ principle
-"supply meets demand"
-more the infant needs the more abundant the milk supply
when should solid food be started?
after age 4 to 6 months [Show Less]