Rate Law - ✔✔ An experimentally determined mathematical expression showing the rate of a reaction as a function of the concentration of its
... [Show More] reactants and a reaction-specific constant k.
by summing the exponents of associated with each reaction - ✔✔ how do you determine the overall rate for a reaction?
reactant concentrations make up the rate law, but product concentrations do not play any role - ✔✔ what role do product and reactant concentrations play in the rate law?
make one reactant concentration constant and see how the other reaction affects the product formed; repeat with the other reactant though with different trials (ex. if doubling [B] results in quadrupling the rate, then you know that the exponent of [B] is four) - ✔✔ how are reaction rates experimentally measured?
almost never, they must be determined experimentally and often not the same - ✔✔ are the values of x and y in a rate law the same as the stoichiometric coefficients?
1) zero-order reaction
2) temperature and the addition of a catalyst - ✔✔ a reaction in which the rate of formation of product C is independent of reactant concentrations (exponents add up to zero); what affects its rate?
first-order reaction - ✔✔ a reaction in which the rate of product formation is directly proportional to the concentration of one reactant (ex. radioactive decay)
second-order reaction - ✔✔ a reaction in which the rate of product formation is proportional to either the concentrations of two reactants or to the square of the concentration of a single reactant (exponents add to 2)
Sublimation - ✔✔ The phase change from a solid to a gas.
Raoult's Law - ✔✔ The vapor pressure of one component above a solution is proportional to the mole fraction of that component in the solution. P_A = X_A * P_total
Mass number - ✔✔ The sum of the protons and neutrons in an element, denoted by the letter A.
Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation - ✔✔ An equation commonly used in titration-based problems that relates the pH or pOH of a solution to the pK_a or pK_b and the ratio of the dissociated species. pH = pK_a + log ([A-]/[HA])
Bohr Model - ✔✔ A model of the atom postulating that electrons are located in descrete circular orbits about the nucleus. In this model, the electrostatic force between the positive nucleus and negative electron acts as the centripetal force keeping the electron in orbit.
Decreasing activation energy - ✔✔ How does a catalyst increase reaction rate?
Ion - ✔✔ A monoatomic or polyatomic particle with an electric charge
pH - ✔✔ Scaled value used to measure the acidic strength of a solution, calculated by taking the negative logarithm of the molar concentration of protons in a solution.
Pyramidal - ✔✔ What is the geometric arrangement of NH3?
3rd order - ✔✔ What is the reaction order of the following rate law: rate = k[A][B]^2?
Collision theory (of chemical kinetics) - ✔✔ Theory stating that the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the number of collisions per second that take place between reactants.
Crystallization - ✔✔ The process by which a liquid becomes a solid.
Electronegativity - ✔✔ A measure of an atom's ability to pull electron density toward itself when involved in a chemical bond. Increases from left to right and from bottom to top on the periodic table.
Limiting reagent - ✔✔ The reactant of a chemical equation that, given nonstoichiometric amounts, determines the amount of product that can form; the reactant that runs out first.
Intermolecular forces - ✔✔ The attractive and repulsive forces between neighboring molecules in a substance
deltaG=deltaH-TdeltaS - ✔✔ What is the equation that relates entropy, enthalpy, temperature, and Gibbs free energy?
Magnetic quantum number - ✔✔ The third quantum number, designated by m_l, it describes a particular orbital within a subshell where an electron is most likely to be found. The possible values are integers in the -l to l range, including 0.
Ionic bond - ✔✔ A type of chemical bond in which there is a complete transfer of valence electrons to form positive and negative ions that are subsequently bound by electrostatic forces.
Ionic - ✔✔ Which type of bond forms between two atoms with differences in electronegativities greater than 1.7. [Show Less]