G1, S, G2, M - ✔✔ What are the four stages of the typical cell cycle?
Corpus luteum - ✔✔ Tissue that forms from the collapsed ovarian follic... [Show More] le after ovulation. Produces and secretes progesterone and estrogen.
Repressible system - ✔✔ A system that is normally "turned on" but can be inactivated by the addition of a repressor or corepressor.
mutagen - ✔✔ a substance that can cause mutations (ex. radiation, chemical exposures)
Intestinal glands - ✔✔ Secrete maltase, sucrase, lactase, aminopeptidase, dipeptidase, and enterokinase into the small intestine.
Frameshift mutation - ✔✔ Mutation in which a number of nucleotides (except multiples of three) are either deleted or inserted. Such mutations lead to a shift in the DNA reading frame and often result in the translation of nonfunctional proteins.
Pineal gland - ✔✔ Secretes melatonin, and is thought to help regulate sleep-wake cycles in response to external lighting cues.
Placenta - ✔✔ An organ formed by the uterus and extraembryonic membranes of the fetus. It contains a network of capillaries through which exchange between the fetal and maternal circulations take place.
Oxytocin - ✔✔ This hormone increases the strength of contractions during childbirth.
Episomes - ✔✔ Plasmids that have the ability to integrate into the host genome.
chromosomal mutation - ✔✔ larger-scale mutations in which large segments of DNA are affected
deletion mutation - ✔✔ a type of chromosomal mutation in which a large segment of DNA is lost (small deletions are considered frameshift)
Translocation - ✔✔ a type of chromosomal mutation in which a DNA segment from one chromosome is swapped with a segment of DNA from another chromosome
Adrenal cortex - ✔✔ What is the source of sex hormones in post-menopausal women?
parenchyma - ✔✔ most epithelial cells constitute these functional parts of the organ (ex. nephrons in kidneys or acid-producing cells in the stomach)
during mitosis, cleavage furrows are formed from microfilaments; actin filaments within microfilaments contract, pinching off and separating the two daughter cells - ✔✔ how are microfilaments involved in cytokinesis?
one side of the cell is responsible for one function, whereas the other side of the cell is responsible for another - ✔✔ what does polarization of epithelial cells mean?
Telophase - ✔✔ The mitotic phase where cytokinesis occurs.
Disruptive selection - ✔✔ A type of selection that favors phenotypic extremes, leading to the expression of two or more phenotypic forms.
None (The posterior pituitary stores hormones that are synthesized in the hypothalamus) - ✔✔ Name the hormones synthesized by the posterior pituitary gland.
Cornea - ✔✔ Transparent covering in front of the eye that refracts light and helps keep the eye in focus
Refractory period - ✔✔ A short period of time immediately following an action potential in which neurons or muscle cells are unresponsive to a simulus.
Homeostasis - ✔✔ The maintenance of a stable internal environment.
Monocyte - ✔✔ A phagocyte of foreign matter.
Translation - ✔✔ The transfer of information from an RNA molecule to a polypeptide. The three stages of polypeptide synthesis require energy and are mediated by various enzymes. mRNA is read in the 5' to 3' direction.
Zygote - ✔✔ A fertilized egg.
Lower - ✔✔ Low levels of aldosterone lead to ___ blood pressure.
Chromatid - ✔✔ One half of a replicated chromosome. Sisters are attached by the centromere.
Ganglion - ✔✔ A group of neural cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.
Anaphase - ✔✔ The mitotic phase involving the separation of chromosomes.
Appendicular skeleton - ✔✔ The bones of the pelvis, pectoral girdles, and limbs.
Neurotransmitters - ✔✔ Chemical messengers released from synaptic clefs of a neuron that can bind and stimulate a postsynaptic cell.
Oxygen (which becomes water) - ✔✔ What is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain?
transposon - ✔✔ DNA elements that can insert and remove themselves from the genome (can lead to mutations)
GTP, NADH, FADH2 - ✔✔ Each turn of the citric acid cycle results in 1 ___, 3 ____, and 1 _____.
Feedback inhibition - ✔✔ A system uses ___ if the end product is an allosteric inhibitor of the enzyme catalyzing the reaction.
Chromatin - ✔✔ Chromosomes in their uncoiled active state.
Somatostatin - ✔✔ Produced and secreted by the delta cells of the pancreas, inhibits the release of glucagon, insulin, and several other hormones throughout the body.
Allantois - ✔✔ The embryonic membrane that contains the growing embryo's waste products.
Epidermis - ✔✔ The outermost layer of skin, which is composed of the following sublayers: stratum basilis, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum. Serves as a protective barrier against microbial attack. Derived from the ectoderm.
Bicuspid (mitral), tricuspid - ✔✔ Which valves separate the atria and ventricles?
Holoenzyme - ✔✔ An active enzyme containing all necessary cofactors.
True (the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, froctose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, and the formation of ATP in glycolysis all involve substrate level phosphorylation). - ✔✔ (T/F) Glycolysis results in substrate level phosphorylation of ADP.
Mitosis - ✔✔ Cell division and/or nuclear division in somatic cells that results in the daughter nucleus receiving a full complement of the organism's genome.
True (both structures contain their own DNA and self-replicate) - ✔✔ (T/F) Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar structures and both are considered to be semi-autonomous.
Chyme - ✔✔ Combination of partially digested food and acid that forms in the stomach.
Blood - ✔✔ Made up of plasma and cellular components, which include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
Gastrulation - ✔✔ The process by which a single-layer becomes a three-layered gastrula.
Hyperventilation - ✔✔ An increase in the rate of inhalation. Lack of oxygen or a decrease in blood pH promotes this.
connective tissue - ✔✔ type of tissue that supports the body and provides a framework for epithelial cells to carry out their functions; contribute to the stroma (ex. bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and blood)
stroma - ✔✔ part of the organs that are supportive; mainly composed of connective tissues
Sclera - ✔✔ The white covering of the eye, made up of connective tissue.
Differentiation - ✔✔ The specialization of cells that occurs during development. [Show Less]
