Depressants
alcohol, opioids, sedative-hypnotics, inhalants
Stimulants
cocaine and crack, amphetamines, nicotine,
... [Show More] caffeine
Hallucinogens
LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, PCP and ketamine, khat and salvia
Psychotherapeutic drugs
antidepressants, minor/major tranquilizers, date rape drugs
Alcohol incidents (ages 18-24)
1400 deaths, 500,000 injuries, 600,000+ physical assaults, 100,000+ non-consensual sex incidents, 70,000+ sexual assaults, 400,000 instances of unprotected sex
Oral administration
by mouth
Parenteral administration
injection with a needle
Inhalation administration
through nose or mouth
Rectal administration
insertion of suppositories
Transdermal administration
through adhesive patches absorbed through skin
Drug use
using a drug for its intended purpose
Drug misuse
using a drug for a reason other than the intended use
Drug abuse
chronic use of a drug for a reason other than its intended use
Set
mental expectations regarding the drug's effect
Setting
the environment where the drug is taken which can influence its effect
Physical dependence
the body requires a drug, and withdrawal symptoms occur with it
Psychological dependence
emotional attachment to the drug
Tolerance
a condition that occurs when a drug is taken repeatedly and the effect of the drug is diminished due to continued use
Effective dose
the amount of the drug taken to get a desired effect
Lethal dose
the amount of the drug taken that could kill you
Schedule I drugs
drugs with the highest potential for abuse and dependency and not acceptable for medical use (ex. LSD, marijuana, heroin)
Schedule II drugs
highly addictive drugs that are still widely accepted for medical use (ex. PCP, morphine, cocaine, meth)
Schedule III drugs
drugs commonly used in medical treatment (ex. anabolic steroids, codeine, hydrocodone w/ Tylenol)
Schedule IV and V drugs
drugs medically used but that have a limited potential for abuse and low risk for dependence (ex. Valium, Xanax, cough medicines w/ codeine)
DUI
driving under the influence of alcohol
High risk drinking
"binge drinking" - women = 4 or more drinks in one setting; men = 5 or more drinks in one setting
Alcohol abuse
continued drinking despite recurring social, interpersonal, and legal problems
Alcohol dependence
the presence of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms after continued alcohol misuse
Opioids
depresses functions of the central nervous system; narcotic; derived from opium; (ex. pain meds/analgesics - morphine, diamorphine, codeine, oxycontin; VERY HIGH RISK for dependence
Sedative hypnotics
barbituates - depress or slow down bodily functions; capable of producing sedation and sleep; can cause physical and psychological dependence
Inhalants
common household and workplace substances - sniffed or huffed; hypoxia
Hypoxia
condition resulting from huffing causing dangerously low levels of oxygen
Cocaine and crack
cocaine - drug found in the leaves of the coca bush - comes in the form of a white powder; crack is 10 times more powerful and addictive
Amphetamines
powerful prescription stimulants used to treat specific medical conditions (ADD/ADHD, narcolepsy, low blood pressure); medically supervised, can improve quality of life; METH IS THE EXCEPTION - EXTREMELY DANGEROUS
Nicotine
naturally occurring stimulant; found in tobacco (smoked, chewed, sniffed); highly addictive
Caffeine
the most common cerebral stimulant; found in coffee, chocolate, tea, soft drinks, energy drinks, OTC drugs
Caffeinism
outcome of an excessive dose of caffeine
LSD
a potent mood-changing chemical, discovered in 1938, manufactured from lysergic acid
Psilocybin (shrooms)
obtained from certain types of mushrooms
Mescaline
found in peyote which is derived from a cactus; sometimes prescribed as a respiratory stimulant
PCP and ketamine
dissociative anesthetic for veterinary use
Khat
naturally occuring stimulant; euphoric effect, increased alertness
Salvia
herb not scheduled by DEA; hallucinations and mood swings
Marijuana
derived from cannabis plant that is dried; can be carcinogenic (causing cancer)
Antidepressants
treat clincial depression - biological basis - abnormalities in the level of neurotransmitters (serotonin); (ex. Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Cymbalta, Effexor)
Minor tranquilizers
anti-anxiety drugs; short term use; also treat insomnia; (ex. Xanax, Valium)
Major tranquilizers
anti-psychotic drugs; long term use; treats schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, manic depression; (ex. Thorazine, Lithium)
Date rape drugs
drugs sometimes used to assist a sexual assault (ex. GHB - illegal in US, dissociative anesthetic; Rohypnol - minor tranquilizer in pill form)
Designer drugs
chemical analogues of other drugs
Club drugs
powerful drugs used in nightclub scene or raves (ex. Ecstasy)
Protocols
random tests; for cause testing; condition of employment testing
Procedures
urine samples (2) - first sample is for basic testing, second test is for confirmation
False positive
drug free sample falsely being reported as showing positive for drugs
False negative
sample containing drugs being reported as showing no drugs
Testing mistakes
Over-the-counter NSAIDS (Marijuana);
Amoxicillin, tonic water, kidney infection, kidney
disease, liver disease, diabetes. (Cocaine); Over-the-counter cold and allergy remedies:
Nyquil, Contact, Sudafed, Alleres
(Amphetamines)
Hormone
chemical messenger
Estrogen
hormone responsible for female secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone
female hormone responsible for the development of endometrial tissue
Testosterone
responsible for primary and secondary male sex characteristics
Menorrhagia
excessive menstruation
Amenorrhea
absence of menstruation
Dysmenorrhea
painful menstruation
First trimester
lasts 12-13 weeks
Embryo
unborn baby from conception through 8th or 9th week
Fetus
unborn baby from the 10th week until birth
Second trimester
weeks 14-26; weight of fetus - 2 to 2 1/2 lbs
Third trimester
weeks 27-40; weight of fetus - 7 to 8 lbs
Ectopic pregnancy
fertilized egg implants somewhere other than the uterus
Placenta previa
the fetus develops above the cervix
Placental abruption
the placenta separates from the uterine wall before delivery
Preeclampsia
a condition characterized
by pregnancy-induced high blood
pressure, protein in the urine, and swelling due to fluid retention; Eclampsia - more severe, can lead to seizures, coma, or death
Birth control pills
biological simulation of pregnancy suppressing ovulation; some methods thicken cervical mucus restricting the movement of sperm
Contraceptive implants
surgically placed under the skin; administered via shot
Vaginal ring
emits low levels of hormones [Show Less]