SV and CO
SV = π × (1)²
CO = SV × (2) ÷ 1000
1. LVOT/2
2. HR
right atrial pressure
just remember 50%/21mm/0,5,10,15
LA inflow
... [Show More] velocities.
•LA inflow velocities are recorded in the (1) vein from an apical four-chamber view on TTE and any pulmonary vein on TEE.
•The (2)mm length sample volume should be at least (3)cm distal to pulmonary vein orifice.
•(4) wall filter setting allow accurate measurements that require identification of where the velocity signal intersects the baseline.
•Standard measurements are peak (5) velocity (PVs), peak (6) velocity (PVd), and the (7) velocity peak (PVa) and (8) (adur).
•A PVa (9)m/s and an (10) (11)ms longer than (12) indicate an elevated LV end-diastolic pressure.
1. right superior pulmonary
2. 2-3
3. 1
4. Low
5. systolic
6. diastolic
7. atrial
8. duration
9. > 0.35
10. adur
11. 20
12. transmitral A-duration
Normal diastolic function
•Transmitral flow shows E/A velocity ratio is (1) to (2).
•The E-deceleration time is (3) to (4)ms.
•The tissue doppler Em/Am ratio is (1) to (6).
/The pulmonary vein systolic (S) to diastolic (D) flow ration is (7).
/The pulmonary vein a velocity is (8) m/s, and duration is (9) ms longer than transmitral A duration.
1. 1
2. 2
3. 150
4. 200
5. 1
6. 2
7. ≥ 1
8. < 0.35
9. <30
the isovolemic relaxation time and its meaning.
•In (1) view, a 2 to 3 mm sample volume is positioned midway between (2) and (3) valves to show both (4) and (5) velocity curves.
•The filters are set at a (6) level to identify the end of aortic outflow and onset of mitral inflow at their intersection with the baseline.
*The IVRT (normal (7) to (8) ms) is prolonged with impaired (9) but is shortened with (10) and impaired (11).
1. an anteriorly angulated four-chamber
2. aortic
3. mitral
4. LV ejection
5. LV filling
6. low
7. 50
8. 100
9. relaxation
10. severe diastolic dysfunction
11. compliance
Isovolumic contraction time
•Normal systole consist of (1) and (2).
•Flow across the aortic valve, whether the valve is normal or stenotic, occurs (3) of systole.
•In contrast, tricuspid regurgitant jet extends (4).
1. isovolumic contraction time
2. ejection period
3. only during the ejection period
4. throughout the systole
LV inflow velocities
•LV inflow velocities are recorded at (1) ((2) velocity signal) in the (3) view using pulsed Doppler with a sample volume of (4)mm in length.
•Recordings at (1) are used to measure E and A velocity and (5) , on the other hand, recordings at the (6) are used to measure (7).
1. the mitral leaflet tip
2. highest
3. apical four-chamber
4. 2-2.5
5. deceleration slope
6. annulus
7. A duration
early diastolic -dP/dT
•The rate of decline in velocity of mitral regurgitant jet at end-systole reflects the early diastolic rate of decline in LV pressure.
•The early diastolic -dP/dt is measured from the mitral regurgitant continuous wave (CW) Doppler curve by measuring the time interv [Show Less]