Explain how reverberation-type artifacts occur? correct answer: Reverberation-type artifacts occur because of multiple reflections off the transducer or
... [Show More] strong reflectors. The reverberation lines intensity decreases ad the distance from the transducer increases. The reverberation lines are equally spaced and parallel to the main sound beam
How do you quantify pericardial effusion on Echo? correct answer: Echo free space size between pericardial layers at the end of diastole.
-Trival pericardial effusion: only seen in systole
-Small pericardial effusion: < 10 mm (1.0 cm)
-Moderate pericardial effusion: 10 - 20 mm (1 - 2 cm)
-Large pericardial effusion: 21 - 25 mm (2.1 - 2.5 cm)
-Very Large pericardial effusion: > 25 mm (> 2.5 cm)
When in the cardiac cycle is the volume of pericardial fluid assessed? correct answer: Diastole
How do your grade the severity of Systolic Anterior Motion of the Mitral Valve? correct answer: Grade 1 (Mild): No contact between mitral valve leaflet and septum in systole with minimum separation distance of > 10 mm
Grade 2 (Moderate): No contact between the mitral valve leaflet and septum with a minimum separation < 10 mm OR contact between the mitral valve leaflet and septum lasting < 30% of systolic time.
Grade 3 (Severe): Contact between the mitral valve leaflet and septum lasting > 30% of systolic time.
Causes of diastolic tricuspid regurgitation and diastolic mitral regurgitation? correct answer: -Prolonged AV delay
-Complete heart block
-Severe pulmonary valve regurgitation or Severe aortic regurgitation
Causes of increased E-point Septal Separation (EPSS)? correct answer: -Aortic regurgitation
-Severe LV dysfunction
-Mitral Stenosis
How can E-point Septal Separation be used to derive the Ejection Fraction? correct answer: LVEF% = 75.5 - [2.5 x EPSS (mm)]
What is normal E-point Septal Separation? correct answer: Normal EPSS < 8mm correlates with EF > 50%
EPSS > 8mm is suggestive of EF < 50%
What Doppler parameters indicate increased LV filling pressure? correct answer: -Ratio of transmitral E velocity to the myocardial e' velocity (E/e') > 15
-Pulmonary vein atrial reversal velocity (PVa) > 0.35 m/s or 35 cm/s
-Pulmonary vein atrial reversal duration (a dur) - Transmitral atrial flow duration (A dur) > 20 ms
-Pulmonary venous systolic flow (sVTI) < diastolic flow (dVTI)
-E/A ratio > 2
-Deceleration time (DT) < 140 ms [Show Less]