science, lawful relations - ANSWER-__ is more than the mere description of events as they occur. It is an attempt to discover order, to show that certain
... [Show More] events stand in __ to other events (Skinner, 1953, p.6)."
evidence - ANSWER-Being scientifically skeptical means that until there is __ available, assumptions should not be made.
observer bias, experimental control, replication - ANSWER-In order to be excellent stewards of science, as behavior analysts, we can follow a few guidelines when gathering and evaluating evidence. This includes reducing __ by ensuring interobserver agreement, examining for actual __ (as opposed to effects that could have produced changes without the intervention), __ and self-correction.
parsimony - ANSWER-With __ we look for the simplest explanation possible, not extensive mentalistic explanations.
philosophy - ANSWER-"Behaviorism is not the science of human behavior; it is the __ of that science" (Skinner, 1974)
introspection - ANSWER-Structuralism relied on __ which looked inward to describe sensations, images, and feelings.
methodological - ANSWER-behaviorism might be thought of as a psychological version of logical positivism or operationism.
psychophysical parallelism - ANSWER-While some methodological behaviorists accept that there are mental states, they have ruled them completely out of consideration. This is not a new concept and was once referred to as __
mentalistic, explanatory - ANSWER-In Pavlov's early research, he did not jump to conclusions to suggest that the dog was "thinking" of food, and therefore salivating. Instead, he carefully controlled conditions that allowed him to show that particular stimuli can "acquire" the ability to elicit secretion. His careful analysis of the scientific method allowed him to avoid both __ and __ fictions
debilitating - ANSWER-The evolutionary explanation for reflexes indicates that they are for the survival of the organism. However, we know all too well that sometimes responses can be conditioned that serve no purpose - even add a __ purpose - to our complex lives.
conditioning, stimulus control, novel - ANSWER-Skinner (1953) informed us "Although the process of __ greatly extends the scope of the eliciting stimulus, it does not bring all the behavior of the organism within such __ "(p. 56). Conditioning can add numerous different eliciting stimuli, but it will never fashion a __ response.
prediction, control, accessible - ANSWER-According to Skinner, contingencies of reinforcement have an edge over contingencies of survival because contingencies of reinforcement "Have the edge with __ and __ and the conditions under which a species acquires behavior are relatively __ and can often be manipulated".
ontogeny - ANSWER-is the learned behaviors of a particular animal during its lifetime.
phylogeny - ANSWER-is behaviors that have been passed down over the lifetime of the entire species.
chain of events, learned - ANSWER-It can be difficult to distinguish between ontogenetic and phylogenic established behaviors. For a person viewing a complex __ for the first time, it may seem mysterious. But each step of the chain can be traced back to the shaping process. Just because the shaping process was not observed, it does not mean that it was not __ . However, when we view a spider spin a web "no comparable history can be invoked" to determine the phylogenic contingencies at work (Skinner, 1966, p.1208).
genes, environment, cause - ANSWER-Moore (2015) stated " __ predispose an individual's susceptibility to influence from the __ (p. 27). We must be careful not to assert that genes "__ " behavior; rather, they set up the physical basis for the processes and structures that participate in behavior. Behavior still occurs in the context of the environment.
model - ANSWER-Imitative responses necessarily require the learner to orient toward the __ rather than the topographical correspondence of their behavior with respect to the model.
discriminative control - ANSWER-The use of the mirror provides the additional feedback required to receive __ of the model.
think - ANSWER-The most substantial origins of our understanding of operant behavior derived from Darwin's controversial idea that humans were not unique in their ability to
law of effect, pleasant, decrease - ANSWER-Thorndike's __ succinctly explained that organisms tend to learn new things when behaviors are followed by __ stimuli and that behaviors tend to __ when followed by negative stimuli.
free will - ANSWER-It is also widely misunderstood that operant conditioning suggests that organisms cannot control their own behavior due to a lack of __. This is untrue, as once the environment is understood, it can be altered in our favor (Epstein, 1997).
extinction, punishment, skill acquisition - ANSWER-When reinforcement is no longer present, the behavior undergoes __ . __ reduces future instances of a behavior, but it is never responsible for __
tendency, intrinsic, observable - ANSWER-Instead of " __, Skinner proposed that we measure behavior in terms of frequency: "he must be able to execute and repeat a given act, and other behavior must not interfere appreciably" (p.63). With this method, we do not have to assume any level of __ - there are many __ variables in the environment that can be observed to explain an increase or decrease in behavior.
errors, frequency - ANSWER-Although the process of learning may appear to be trial and error, we must be careful not to assume that non-responses are __. Skinner further ridiculed the term "learning", as it is still an unobservable, incorrect account of what has occurred. Instead, Skinner said, "(when) we make a given consequence contingent upon certain physical properties of behavior", the __ of that behavior will increase (p.64).
response - ANSWER-Because we cannot predict a __ that has already occurred, we posit that similar responses in the future will occur. Hence, operant response class was born.
extinction, sooner - ANSWER-Resistance to __ cannot be determined without an accurate account of the reinforcement history. So, responses that were not reinforced for very long will be extinguished __ than those with a longer history of reinforcement.
functional relationship - ANSWER-We can define purpose behaviorally by suggesting that there is a __ between the behavior and the environment and the consequences can chain together in numerous ways indefinitely. Purpose, is not a mental phenomenon that influences future behavior.
effective, increases - ANSWER-Lattal reminded us that " __ reinforcers" is redundant. The very nature of the definition is that if it __ behavior, it is therefore a reinforcer. An "ineffective" reinforcer does not exist.
repertoire, socially appropriate, spontaneously - ANSWER-Various verbal communities will influence the __ of the speaker. This is not only how we acquire different languages and various dialects, but also what is __. Although the verbal repertoire is shaped by the audience, once established, verbal behavior can occur __ without any environmental support.
communication, vocal - ANSWER-Often in the field of behavior analysis, practitioners will call a client "nonverbal". To indicate this would eradicate the possibility of any mode of communication, including gestures, signs, picture exchange communication, etc. __ should be defined by whether or not the behavior of the speaker is reinforced by the listener. A child can ask for "cookie" by vocalizing, signing, gesturing, grabbing, etc. What practitioners usually mean when they say "non-verbal" is "non- __ ", meaning spoken language is not used to communicate.
responses, listener - ANSWER-Meanings of words are actually contingencies that have been shaped by the listener and their __ . The repertoires between the speaker and the listener are different unlike psychological views of "meaning" in which we "impart" our knowledge to the __
behavior analysis - ANSWER-Something peculiar occurs when we record or write our language - the entire __ is unavailable. Examining written sentences and linguistic limericks are irrelevant, because they are not reflective of a relevant analysis
stimulus control, mentalistic - ANSWER-More complex language (sentences, etc.) can simply be explained by __ , as opposed to referent. Referents often mean that every term must have an entity to which it corresponds (Moore, p. 35). This is problematic, as it unleashes a plethora of ______ explanations. Again, sticking with parsimony, we see that the stimuli in the environment fashion under which circumstances particular verbal behavior will occur.
Ogden Lindsley - ANSWER-__ created precision teaching that adhered to BF Skinner's rate of response and cumulative response recording to measure behavior.
universal datum, dimension - ANSWER-Lindsley reviewed the impression that the rate of response (or - more simply and allowable - frequency) had on him, indicating that it was "much more than Skinner's __ " it was actually "a __ of behavior" (p.254).
10, 100 - ANSWER-Lindsley (see also Johnston & Pennypacker, 1980) stressed that frequency data was __ to __ times more sensitive to programming changes than percentage correct.
curricula, science, logarithmic - ANSWER-Precision teaching is a method that adjusts the __ for each learner to maximize learning based on their own celeration chart. Lindsley aimed to put "__ in the hands of students and teachers" and created the standard celeration chart, a __ chart that visually aligns learner goals and progress with fluency (Binder, 1989, p.12).
reinforcing, knowledge - ANSWER-"A well-designed lesson can be highly __ not because students are getting rewards, but simply because they are frequently able to demonstrate their __ ".
behavior, affecting, private - ANSWER-"When we say that __ is a function of the environment, the term "environment" means any event in the universe capable of __ the organism . . .a small part of this universe is __ (Skinner, 1953, p.257).
private, accessibility - ANSWER-Skinner asserted that __ events only differ from overt events based on their __ . They are not special in structure or nature. [Show Less]