Suprasegmental
Aspect of Language
(intonation, stress, loudness, pitch level, juncture - (the set of features in speech that enable a hearer to detect a
... [Show More] word or phrase boundary), and speaking rate)
Segmental
Aspect of Language
(phonemes - vowels & consonants)
Phonoligical Awareness
The knowledge of and sensitivity to the sound structure of language (umbrella term)
It includes: rhyming, segmentation activities, and manipulation activities
Segmentation Activities - segmenting sentences into words, segmenting compound words into syllables, segmenting words into syllables, identifying initial and final sounds, and segmenting syllables into phonemes
Manipulation Activities - omitting syllables, omitting sounds in words, and changing sounds into words
Dysarthria
A disorder in the nervous system which hinders control over the tongue, throat, lips, or lungs
Neurological oral-motor dysfunction including weakness of the musculature necessary for coordinating movements of speech production (slurred speech, difficulty with articulation)
Dyspraxia
Sensorimotor disruption in which the motor signals to the muscles, such as those necessary for speech production, are not consistently or efficiently received
Difficulty getting the body to do what you want it to
Difficulty planning and coordinating body movement
Difficulty coordinating facial muscles to produce sounds
(a person is born with dyspraxia)
Phonemic Awareness
Awareness of the smallest units of speech (phonemes) and the ability to isolate or manipulate the individual phonemes in words
Phonetics
The study of linguistic speech sounds and how they are produced and perceived
Alphabetic Principle
The concept that letters on a page represent or map onto the sounds in spoken words
Alphabetic Language
A language, such as English, in which letters are used systematically to represent speech sounds or phonemes
Logographic Writing System
A system in which pictures represent the words of a language, such as Chinese
If English was treated as a logographic writing system, it would contain over 700,000 symbols
Grapheme
A written letter or letter cluster representing a single speech sound
Ex: i, igh
Phonics
An approach to teaching reading and spelling that emphasizes sound-symbol relationships
Sound + Letters
Euphony
Words formed or combined as to please the ear
The tendency to make phonetic change for ease of pronunciation
6 Kinds of Syllables
Open
Closed
Vowel - Consonant - e
Final Stable Syllable
Vowel Pair
Vowel - r
Naughty i
The vowel i is naughty when it is before a final stable syllable in a words with three or more syllables
It will be short and coded with a breve
Ex: Tra di [tion
Base Word
The simplest form of any English word to which affixes may be added
A base word is always a complete English word when it stands alone
Strephosymbolia (1925)
(Twisted Symbols)
Dr. Orton coined the term to describe a condition he observed in his patients
"Word Blindness"
Samuel T. Orton
(Father of Dyslexia)
Identified the syndrome of "specific language disabilities"
Separated disabled readers from students with mental retardation, brain damage, and primary emotional disorders
Proposed a system for diagnosis
Outlined principles of remediation for disabled readers
Dysgraphia
Unsure of handedness, poor or slow handwriting, messy and unorganized papers, difficulty copying, poor fine motor skills, difficulty remembering the kinesthetic movement to form letters correctly
Stop Sounds
These are sounds in words that when they are said, you have to stop your tongue to release the air
A consonant that is produced with a complete obstruction of air
It is with these letters: p, b, t, d, k, g
Fricative
A consonant produced by a partial obstruction of the airflow, which creates friction and a slight hissing noise
Voiced Ex: /f/, /v/, /th/
Unvoiced Ex: /s/, /z/, /sh/, /zh/
Affricate
Consonant speech sound articulated as a stop consonant followed by a fricative
Ex: /ch/, /j/
Phonological Processing
An umbrella term for a large category of oral language processing abilities that are related to the sounds in words and are associated with the ability to read well
Identify the Stages of Expressive Written Language Development (Phrases of Writing)
Stage 1 - Imitation (preschool - 1st grade)
Stage 2 - Graphic Presentation (1st grade - 2nd grade)
Stage 3 - Progressive Incorporation (late 2nd grade - 4th grade)
Stage 4 - Automization (4th grade - 7th grade)
Stage 5 - Elaboration (7th grade - 9th grade)
Stage 6 - Personalization - Diversification (9th grade - and beyond)
Domains of Language (6)
PPOSS/u/M
Pragmatics
Phonology
Orthography
Semantics
Syntax
Morphology
Pragmatics
Use
Using language in specific situations, understanding the feelings/emotions of characters, understanding how characters treat each other
Use of Conversational skills
(requesting, turn taking, topic contingency (staying on topic), and topic development)
Understanding figurative language (metaphors, similes, idioms)
Begins at an oral level
Phonology
Form
Sound structure of language/How sounds operate
Phonological awareness and phonemic awareness
Production of sounds (phonetics)
Begins at oral level
Orthography
Form
Understand and recognize patterns of written language
Sound/symbol correspondence, letter recognition, common letter patterns for reading, syllable types, syllable division patterns, syllable patterns, rules, irregular words, fluency
Begins at written level [Show Less]