EKG changes with mild hyperkalemia 5.5-6.5. - Answer- Tall, peaked T-waves with narrow base.
EKG changes with moderate hyperkalaemia 6.5-8.0 mmol/l -
... [Show More] Answer- Peaked T-waves
Prolonged PR interval
Decreased amplitude of P-waves
Widening of QRS complex
EKG changes with severe hyperkalaemia >8 mmol/l - Answer- Absence of P-wave
Progressive widening of QRS complex
Eventual "sine-wave" pattern, VF, asystole
Hyperkalemia treatment for renal patient - Answer- dialysis, dietary restriction, Kaexylate, drugs
Hypocalcemia treatment for renal patient - Answer- dialysis, medication
Hyperphosphatemia treatment for renal patient - Answer- phosphate binders
Hyponatremia treatment for renal patient - Answer- fluid restriction, dialysis
Urine specific gravity normal range - Answer- 1.010-1.025
ICP for intracranial hypertension - Answer- >20mmHg
3 phases of ARF - Answer- oliguirc, diuretic, recovery
ARF oliguiric phase - Answer- oxygentation, monitor and prevent fluid volume overload
ARF diuretic phase - Answer- fluid loss, electrolyte imbalances
ARF recovery phase - Answer- assess renal failure, keep hydrated and free from infection, prevent further insults
Earliest sign of an increase in ICP - Answer- Decreased LOC
Causes of increased peak airway pressures - Answer- 1. Coughing or plugged
2. Biting on ETT
3. Kink in ETT
4. Bucking the vent
5. Pneumothorax
6. Atelectasis
7. Bronchospasm
Normal ABG values - Answer- 1. pH - 7.35-7.45
a. Acidosis vs. Alkalosis
b. If pH is < 7.4 Acidosis
c. If pH is > 7.4 Alkalosis
2. pCO2 - 35-45
3. HCO3 - 20-26
4. pO2 - 80-100
5. O2 sat - >95%
Positive inotropes - Answer- 1. Digoxin
2. Milrinone/Primacor
3. Amiodarone
4. Angiotensin II
5. Catecholamines
a. Dopamine
b. Dobutamine
c. Epinephrine
d. Norepinephrine
e. Isoprel
Negative Inotropes - Answer- 1. Beta Blockers
a. Metoprolol
b. Labetalol
c. Sotalol
d. Propranolol
2. Calcium Channel Blockers
a. Diltiazem/Cardizem
b. Verapamil
c. Procainamide
d. Flecainide
S/S Digoxin toxicity - Answer- i. Confusion
ii. Irregular pulse
iii. Loss of appetite
iv. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
v. Palpitations
vi. Vision changes (unusual), including blind spots, blurred vision, changes in how colors look, or seeing spots)
Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure Value - Answer- Normal - 15-30 mmHg
Pulmonary Artery Diastolic Pressure Value - Answer- Normal - 8-15 mmHg
CVP Value - Answer- 2-6 mmHg
PCWP - Answer- 8-12 mmHg
Normal Serum Osmolality - Answer- 270-290 mosm/L
Serum Osmolality SIADH - Answer- <270 mosm/L
Serum Osmolality DI - Answer- >290 mosm/L
Urine osmolality normal - Answer- 65-1200 mosm/L
Urine osmolality DI - Answer- <200 mosm/L
Urine osmolality SIADH - Answer- >1400 mosm/L
Urine specific gravity normal - Answer- 1.010-1.030
Urine specific gravity DI - Answer- 1.002-1.006 (diluted urine)
Urine specific gravity SIADH - Answer- >1.020 (amber urine)
Serum sodium normal - Answer- 135-145
Serum sodium DI - Answer- >150 (false high from dehydration)
Serum sodium SIADH - Answer- <135 (dilutional hyponatremia from excess fluid)
Rapid insulin onset - Answer- 5-20 minutes
Novolog (aspart)
Humalog (lispro)
Rapid insulin peak - Answer- 0.5-2.5 hours
Novolog (aspart)
Humalog (lispro)
Rapid insulin duration - Answer- 3-6 hours
Novolog (aspart)
Humalog (lispro)
Regular insulin onset - Answer- 30-45 minutes
Novolin R
Humulin R
Regular insulin peak - Answer- 2-4 hours
Novolin R
Humulin R
Regular insulin duration - Answer- 5-7 hours
Novolin R
Humulin R
NPH onset - Answer- 1-3 hours
Novolin N
Humulin N
NPH peak - Answer- 4-9 hours
Novolin N
Humulin N
NPH duration - Answer- 12-16 hours
Novolin N
Humulin N
Pre-Mixed: onset
Novolin 70/30
Novolog Mix 70/30
Humulin 50/50
Humalog 75/25 - Answer- Novolin 70/30- 30 min
Novolog Mix 70/30 - 5-15 min
Humulin 50/50 - 30-60 min
Humalog 75/25 - 15-30 min
Pre-Mixed: peak
Novolin 70/30
Novolog Mix 70/30
Humulin 50/50
Humalog 75/25 - Answer- 2-4 hours
2-3 hours
0.5-3 hours
0.5-3 hours
Pre-Mixed: duration
Novolin 70/30
Novolog Mix 70/30
Humulin 50/50
Humalog 75/25 - Answer- 14-24 hours
18-24 hours
18-24 hours
16-20 hours
Basal: onset
Lantus (glargine)
Levemir (determir) - Answer- 1-2 hours
1-3 hours
Basal: peak
Lantus (glargine)
Levemir (determir) - Answer- 6 hours
8-10 hours
Basal: duration
Lantus (glargine)
Levemir (determir) - Answer- 5-10 hours [Show Less]