stimulus class
any group of stimuli sharing a predetermined set of common elements in one or more of the following: physical features, temporally, &
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stimulus
energy change that affects an organism
response class
group of responses with the same function & that produce the same effect on the environment
response
specific instance of behavior
behavior
activity of living organisms
applied behavior analysis
science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied systematically to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for behavior change
empowering
a dimension of ABA that say tools that work to instill confidence
doable
dimension of ABA that says interventions should be pragmatic
accountable
dimension of ABA; behavior should be directly & frequently measured
generality
dimension of ABA; changes should last over time
effective
dimension of ABA; noticeable and reliable changes in target behavior
conceptually systematic
dimension of ABA; procedures & effectiveness should be described in terms of behavioral principles
analytic
dimension of ABA; a functional relation between manipulated events and a reliable change in a dimension of target behavior should be demonstrated
technological
dimension of ABA; operative procedures are identified & described with detail and clarity
behavioral
dimension of ABA; behavior should be in need of improvement, measurable, & target the client's behavior
applied
dimension of ABA; improvements in behaviors that enhance and improve people's lives
operant behaviors
behaviors not elicited by preceding stimuli but influenced by stimulus changes that have followed behavior in the past (e.g. not reflexive)
respondent behavior
reflexive behavior; elicited by an antecedent
behaviorism
philosophy of science of behavior, experimental analysis of behavior, & applied behavior analysis
functional relation
well-controlled experiment that reveals a specific change in one event (DV) is reliably created by specific manipulations of another event (IV) and that is unlikely to be a result of confounding variables
antecedent
environmental conditions or stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to behavior of iterest
consequence
a stimulus change that follows the target behavior
conditioned stimulus
the stimulus component of a conditioned reflex
conditioned reflex
learned stimulus-response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the response it elicits
operant conditioning
the process and selective effects of consequences on behavior
reinforcer
a stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it
punisher
a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of a behavior that immediately precedes it
positive reinforcement
a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus and occurs more often in the future as a result
negative reinforcement
a behavior is followed immediately by the removal or termination of a stimulus and occurs more often in the future as a result
extinction
reinforcement is withheld for all members of a previously reinforced response class and the frequency of behavior decreases to prereinforcement level or stops altogether as a result
punishment
when a behavior is followed by a stimulus change that decreases future frequency of that behavior
unconditioned reinforcer
a stimulus change that can increase the future frequency of behavior without prior pairing with any other form of reinforcement
positive punishment
a behavior is immediately followed by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases future frequency of that behavior
negative punishment
a behavior is immediately followed by the removal or termination of a stimulus that decreases future frequency of the behavior
unconditioned punisher
a stimulus change that can decrease future frequency of behavior without prior pairing with any other form of reinforcement
conditioned reinforcers
a stimulus change that can increase future frequency of behavior through prior pairing with other reinforcers
conditioned punishers
a stimulus change that can decrease future frequency of behavior through prior pairing with other punishers
stimulus control
a situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus
discriminated operant
a behavior that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than it does in others
discriminative stimulus
a stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced; increases momentary frequency of behavior
establishing operations
a motivating operation that increases the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer (e.g. food deprivation leading to food being an effective reinforcer)
contingency
dependency of a particular consequence on the occurrence of the behavior
behavioral assessment
a variety of methods (direct observation, interviews, checklists, tests) to identify and define targets for behavior change---seeks to discover the function of behavior
target behavior
specific behavior selected for change; should consider whose behavior is being assessed and changed and why
indirect assessment approaches
interviews and checklists
direct assessment
tests and direct observation
interview questions
rely on what/when questions that focus on the environmental conditions before, during, and after a behavioral episode
behavior checklist
assessment that provides descriptions of specific behaviors (in hierarchical order) and the conditions under which each behavior should occur
ABC recording
also known as anecdotal observation; direct and repeated observations of the client's behavior in the natural environment; records a descriptive, temporally sequenced account of all behaviors of interest and the antecedent conditios and consequences for those behaviors as those events occur in the client's natural environment
ecological assessment
gathering information about the person and the various environments in which that person lives and works
reactivity
effects of an assessment procedure on the behavior being assessed
habilitation
the degree tow hich the person's repertoire maximizes short and long term reinforcers for that individual and for others and minimizes short and long term punishers
relevance of behavior rule
a target behavior should be selected only when it can be determined that the behavior is likely to produce reinforcement in the person's natural environment
behavioral cusp
a behavior that has consequences beyond the change itself; exposes the individual's repertoire to new environments, especially new reinforcers and punishers, new contingencies, new responses, new stimulus controls, and new communities of maintaining or destructive contingencies
pivotal behavior
a behavior that, once learned, produces corresponding modifications or covariations in other adaptive untrained behaviors
normalization
the use of progressively more typical environments, expectatios, and procedures "to establish and/ore maintain personal behaviors which are as culturally normal as possible"
necessary prerequisite for a useful skill, increase client's access to environments where they can learn important behaviors, predispose others to interact with the client in a more appropriate and supportive manner, behavioral cusp or pivotal behavior, age appropriate behavior
questions to ask about target behavior
determine replacement behavior and design intervention plan to ensure replacement behavior is learned
considerations for eliminating a behavior
prioritizing behaviors
target post danger to client or others, how often does problem occur, how long-standing is the problem, will changing this behavior produce higher rates of reinforcement, relative importance of this target behavior to future development & independent functioning, reduce negative or unwanted attention from others, new behavior produce reinforcement for significant others, how likely is success, how much will it cost
function-based definition
definition of responses as members of the targeted response class solely by their common effect on the environment; encompasses all relevant forms of the response class
topography-based definition
definition of behavior that identifies instances of the target behavior by the shape or form of the behavior; used when there is no direct, reliable, or easy access to functional outcome and/or cannot rely on function of behavior
target behavior definitions
objective, observable, readable, unambiguous, complete (examples & non-examples)
social validity
refers to the extent to which target behaviors are appropriate, intervention procedures are acceptable, and important and significant changes in target and collateral behaviors are produced
repeatability
instances of a response class can occur repeatedly through time
temporal extent
every instance of behavior occurs during some amount of time
temporal locus
every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events
count
simple tally of the number of occurrences of a behavior
rate
number of responses per unit of time
free operant
behaviors that have discrete beginning and ending points, require minimal displacement of the organism in time and space, can be emitted at nearly any time, do not require much time for completio, and can be emitted over a wide range of response rates; useful measure is rate of response
celeration
a measure of how rates of response change over time
discrete trials
given opportunity to emit a response
celeration time period
1/20th of the horizontal axis of all Standard Celeration Charts
duration
the amount of time in which behavior occurs; basic measure of temporal extent; appropriate measure for behaviors occurring at very high rates or task-oriented continuous behaviors that occur for an extended time
total duration
a measure of the cumulative amount of time in which a person engages in the target behavior
duration per occurrence
a measure of the duration of time that each instance of the target behavior occurs
latency
a measure of the elapsed time between the onset of a stimulus and the initiation of a subsequent response
interresponse time
amount of time that elapses between two consecutive instances of a response class
percentage
ratio formed by combining the same dimensional quantities
trials-to-criterion
a measure of the number of response opportunities needed to achieve a predetermined level of performance
topography
physical form or shape of a behavior; a measurable and malleable dimension of behavior
magnitude
the force or intensity with which a response is emitted
event recording
a wide variety of procedures for detecting and recording the number of times a behavior of interest occurs [Show Less]