3 levels of scientific understanding
DPC
Description
Prediction
Control
Description
Systematic observations that can be quantified &
... [Show More] classified
Prediction
AKA: correlation; covariation
2 events may regularly occur at the same time. This does not mean one causes the other
Control
AKA: causation
Functional relation.
The highest level of scientific understanding.
Experimental demonstration that manipulating one event (IV) results in another event (DV).
6 attitudes of science
Philosophical assumptions of bx
DEER PP
Determinism
Empiricism
Experimentation
Replication
Parimony
Philosophical Doubt
Determinism
Cause & effect
Lawfulness
Orderly & predictable
Empiricism
Facts
Experimental, data-based scientific approach, drawing upon observation & experience.
Requires objective qualification & detailed description of events.
Experimentation
Basic strategy of most sciences.
Requires manipulating variables to see effects on DV.
Experiment to determine if one event caused another.
Replication
Repeating experiments
Parisomy
The simplest theory.
All simple & logical explanations must be ruled out first before complex explanations.
Philosophical Doubt
Having healthy skepticism & a critical eye
7 dimensions of ABA
BATCAGE or GET A CAB
Behavioral
Applied
Technological
Conceptually Systematic
Analytic
Generality
Effective
Behavioral
Observable events.
Must be a bx in need of improvement.
Applied
Socially significant bxs
Technological
Procedures clearly & precisely so they are replicable.
RECIPE
Conceptually Systematic
Procedures should be based on principles of ABA
Analytic
AKA: Functional Relation, Experimentation, Control, Causation
A functional relation is demonstrated.
Generality
AKA: Generalization
Extends bx change across time, settings, or other bxs
Effective
Improves bx in a practical manner
Mentalism Terminology
Hypothetical Constructs
Explanatory Fictions
Circular Reasoning
4 Branches of Behavior Analysis
CASE
Conceptual Analysis of Behavior
ABA
Behavior Service Delivery
Experimental Analysis of Bx (EAB)
2 types of bx
Respondent
Operant
Respondent Bx
AKA: Reflex, Reflexive Relations, Unconditioned, US-UR
Elicited
Involuntary
Reflex
Habituation
Habituation
Eliciting stimulus is presented repeatedly that respondent bx diminishes
Phylogenic
Bx that is genetic
Respondent conditioning
AKA: Classical Conditioning, Pavlovian Conditioning, S-S Pairing, CS-CR
When new stimuli acquire the ability to elicit respondents.
Operant Behavior
AKA: S-R-S, 3 term contingency, ABC
Emit/evoke
Bx whose probability is determined by its history of consequences.
Voluntary action.
Operants defined in terms of their relationship to controlling variables.
FUNCTION.
Encompasses both reinforcement & punishment.
Adaptation
Adaptation
Reductions in responding by repeated or prolonged presentation to antecedent stimulus.
Ontogentic
Learning that results from interactions with environment
Operant Contingency
AKA: Behavioral Contingency, Contingency, 3-term Contingency, ABC
The occasion for a response (SD), the response, & the outcome.
The dependency of a particular consequence on the occurrence of the bx.
Reinforcer or punisher is "contingent" on a bx
3-term contingency
ABC
What is the primary analysis in ABA?
Contiguity
When 2 stimuli occur close together in time, resulting in an association of those 2 stimuli.
3 Principles of Bx
PER
Punishment
Extinction
Reinforcement
All strategies are derived from these 3 principles.
applied
ABA is a(n) _______ science.
ABA
A scientific approach for discovering environmental variables that reliably influence socially significant bx & for developing a technology of bx change that is practical & applicable
Science
To achieve a thorough understanding of the phenomena under study (socially significant bxs)
Response
A single instance of bx.
Behavior
Larger set/class or responses that share physical dimensions or functions.
Response Class
A group of bxs that comprise an operant.
Operant: Response-consequence relationship. Similar bxs that are strengthened or weakened collectively as a result of operant conditioning.
Yes.
Can widely vary in form but are limited in topographical variations.
Can responses in the same response class look different?
Repertoire
1. All bxs that an individual can do.
2. A collection of knowledge & skills an individual has learned that are relevant to a particular task.
Environment
Complex, dynamic universe of events that differs from instance to instance.
All bx occurs within an environmental context.
Stimulus
Physical events that affect the bx of an individual.
Internal or external to the individual.
An energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells.
Stimulus Class
A group of antecedent stimuli that have a common effect on an operant class.
Group members of a stimulus class tend to evoke or abate the same bx or response class, yet may vary across physical dimensions.
3 Types of Stimulus Classes
FTF (For The Fun)
Formal: Physical features
Temporal: time
Functional: effect of the stimulus on the bx, can be multiple functions of a single stimulus
Feature Stimulus Class
Stimuli share:
common topographies
relative relations
INFINITE number of stimuli
developed through stimulus generalization
Arbitrary Stimulus Class
Stimuli that evoke the same response, but they do NOT share a common stimulus feature. They do not physically look alike or share a relative relationship.
LIMITED number of stimuli
Developed through stimulus equivalence.
Consequences
Only affect FUTURE bx.
Consequences select response classes, NOT individual responses.
Immediate consequences have the greatest effect.
Automaticity
(of R & P)
A person does not have to know what a consequence means for it to work.
Automatic Reinforcement
AKA: Sensory, Self-Stimualtory Bxs, Stereotypy
Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others.
Because it feels good!
WARNING!!
What looks like automatic reinforcement (i.e. hand flapping) might not be.
Automatic Punishment
Punishment that occurs independent of the social mediation of others.
Reinforcement
Does NOT only strengthen rate. Also strengthen:
-Duration
-Latency
-Magnitude
-Topography
What happens right before reinforcement will be reinforced.
Delayed consequence are not technically reinforcement, but they can influence bx.
What Reinforcement Does
-Makes antecedent stimulus conditions relevant.
-Changes what comes after bx & what comes before bx.
-Creates stimulus control
-depends on motivation
Unwanted effects of Reinforcement
-Effects of reinforcement can be temporary.
-Ethical concerns arise from the severity of the EO that occasions the bx.
-Relying on the use of contrived reinforcers as opposed to natural reinforcers.
-Using potential reinforcers that may be harmful to long-term health or require undesirably marked deprivation procedures as MOs
NOT TRUE
-Giving reinforcement will result in loss of intrinsic motivation.
-People confusing reinforcement with bribery.
Reinforcement TRUMPS Punishment
You should recommend reinforcement rather than punishment WHENEVER POSSIBLE
Positive Reinforcement
AKA: Type 1 Reinforcement; Sr+
A PROCESS that occurs when a bx is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases FUTURE frequency of the bx in similar conditions.
MOST IMPORTANT & WIDELY USED CONCEPT IN ABA.
5 Types of Positive Reinforcers
EATSS
Edible
Activity
Tangible
Social
Sensory
Negative Reinforcement
AKA: Type II Reinforcement; Sr-
A PROCESS that occurs when a bx is followed immediately by the REDUCTION or REMOVAL of a stimulus that increases the FUTURE frequency of the bx in similar conditions.
2 Types of Negative Reinforcement
1. Escape
2. Avoidance
Escape
A bx allows escape from an ongoing aversive stimulus.
Avoidance
A response that prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus.
2 Types:
-Discriminated Avoidance
-Free-Operant Avoidance
Discriminated Avoidance
A contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer.
Free-Operant Avoidance
NO WARNING. A contingency in which responses at any time during the interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus. The avoidance bx is "FREE" to occur at any time.
Ethical Warning about Negative Reinforcement
Creating an aversive condition for the individual is unethical & may even bring about more challenging bxs!
Unconditioned Reinforcer/Reinforcement
AKA: UCR; Primary Reinforcer; Unlearned Reinforcer
A stimulus change that can increase the future frequency of bx without prior pairing without any other form of reinforcement.
-No learning history required.
-Products of phylogeny. All members of a species generally share the same UCRs.
Conditioned Reinforcer/Reinforcement
AKA: CR; Secondary Reinforcer; Learned Reinforcer
When a previously neutral stimulus acquired the ability to function as a reinforcer through S-S pairing with one or more unconditioned or conditioned reinforcers.
-Learning history required.
-Products of ontogency.
Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer
AKA: Generalized Reinforcer; GCSR
A type of conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with many unconditioned & conditioned reinforcers.
-Does not depend on an MO for its effectiveness.
-They are likely to be reinforcing at any time.
-Same reinforcement is given to people with different preferences.
Punishment
AKA: SD-; SDP; SP; Punishment-based SD
When a response if followed immediately by a stimulus that decreases the FUTURE frequency of similar responses.
-Defined by function, not topography.
-Defined by future effects on bx.
-2-term contingency: Behavior-->Consequence
-Becomes 3-term contingency when you add the antecedent, "Discriminative Effects of Punishment", when punishment occurs only in some conditions & not in others.
Threats are not punishment
If a person stops a bx when you threaten them, this is NOT bc of punishment. But bc the threat functions as the MO that evokes alternative bxs that avoid the threatened punishment.
Recovery from Punishment
When punishment is stopped, the effects on bx are not permanent.
Equivalent to extinction for reinforcement.
Unwanted effect of Punishment
-Society dislikes this
-Effect of punishment can be temporary
-People who are doing the procedures may be negatively reinforced by their bx.
-Does not address the cause of the challenging bx
-Emotional & aggressive reactions
-Escape & avoidance of ppl and settings
-Requires lots of supervision, resources & time
-Behavioral Contrast
Punisher
A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of the bx that immediately precedes it
Positive Punishment
AKA: Type I Punishment
A PROCESS that occurs when a stimulus is added immediately following a bx that results in a decrease in FUTURE frequency of the bx.
5 Types of Positive Punishment Interventions
ROSER
Reprimands
Overcorrection
Shock/Contingent Electrical Stimulation/ECT
Exercise/Contingent Exercise
Response Blocking
Overcorrection
2 Types:
1. Restitutional Overcorrection: repair environment better than original state
2. Positive Practice Overcorrection: individual is required to correctly repeat bx for a certain amount of time or a certain number of times
Exercise/Contingent Exercise
An individual is required to perform a response not topographically related to the bx.
Response Blocking
Physically intervening as soon as individual begins to emit bx to "block" the completion of the response
Negative Punishment
AKA: Type II Punishment; Penalty Principle; Penalty Contingency
A PROCESS when a response is immediately followed by removal of a stimulus (or decrease in intensity of stimulus) that decreases the FUTURE frequency of similar responses
Negative Punishment Procedures
Response Cost
Time-Out
Response Cost
Loss of a specific amount of reinforcement contingent on a bx.
-Produces mod-to-rapid decrease in bx
2 Methods
1. Bonus Response Cost
2. Direct Fines
**Watch out for ethical issues associated with removing reinforcers
Bonus Response Cost
When you make additional non-contingent reinforcers available to the individual & then take those away.
Example: Students usually get 15 minutes of recess daily, but you give them a "bonus" 15 minutes, so you can take away those extra minutes.
Direct Fines
Direct loss of positive reinforcers
Time-Out
AKA: Time-Out from Positive Reinforcement
2 Types:
1. Non-Exclusionary Time-Out
2. Exclusionary Time-Out
**Ethical issues about duration & conditions of time-out
Non-Exclusionary Time-Out
Individual not removed from space.
Preferred over exclusionary bc it is less restrictive.
4 Types: (IWOR)
1. Ignoring/Planned ignoring
2. Withdrawal of a Specific Positive Reinforcer
3. Observation/Contingent Observation
4. Ribbon/Time-Out Ribbon
Ignoring/Planned Ignoring
social reinforcers removed for a specific amount of time
Withdrawal of a Specific Positive Reinforcer
Taking something preferred away
Observation/Contingent Observation
Individual is re-positioned in room, so they can observe everything, but not participate.
Ribbon/Time-Out Ribbon
Colored band placed on individual's wrist. This becomes discriminated for getting reinforcement.
Ribbon on = can earn reinforcement
Ribbon off = cannot earn reinforcement
Exclusionary Time-Out
Individual removed from space.
3 Types: (RPH)
1. Room/Time-Out Room
2. Partition Time-Out
3. Hallway Time-Out
Room/Time-Out Room
Confined space outside of normal environment; devoid of positive reinforcers.
-Individual safely placed
-Should be located near time-in setting
-minimal furnishing
Partition Time-Out
Individual remains in room, but view is restricted by wall or partition
Hallway Time-Out
Individual sits in hallway
Positive Punishment & Negative Reinforcement
Aversive Control
Unconditioned Punishers/Punishment
AKA: UCP; Primary Punisher; Unlearned Punisher
A stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus.
-No learning history required.
-Product of phylogeny. All members of species generally share the same unconditioned punishers.
Conditioned Punishers/Punishment
AKA: CP; Secondary Punisher; Learned Punisher
A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher bc of prior pairing with 1 or more punishers.
-Learning history required.
-Products of ontogeny.
Generalized Conditioned Punishers
AKA: Generalized Punisher
A type of conditioned punisher that has been paired with MANY unconditioned & conditioned punishers.
-Does NOT depend on an MO for its effectiveness.
Verbal Analog Conditioning
Verbal pairing procedure without direct pairing
Extinction
AKA: EXT; Operant Extinction
A procedure where maintaining reinforcement is not longer provided, to decrease future bx.
-Not punishment
-Ext will be more rapid for bx maintained on CRF schedule
Unwanted effects of Extinction
-Extinction bursts
-Extinction induced aggression
-Difficult to use on clients that rarely display the target bx
-Difficult to know what the reinforcer is for a bx
-Difficult or dangerous to ignore
-Extinction NOT used in a tx package can cause ethical concerns
What Extinction is NOT
-Ignoring
-Does not refer to a decrease in bx
-Response blocking
-NCR
3 Types of Extinction
PAN
Positive Reinforcement
Automatic Reinforcement (AKA Sensory Extinction)
Negative Reinforcement (AKA Escape Extinction)
Extinction Burst
The Burst is First
Immediate increase in frequency of responding
Spontaneous Recovery
Bx diminished during extinction reoccurs even though bx does not produce reinforcement
Resistance to Extinction
1. Long history of reinforcement
2. Intermittent schedules
3. High quality reinforcer
4. Large amount of reinforcer
5. Response requiring little effort
6. Number of previous extinction trials (relates to intermittent schedules)
Operant Extinction
withholding reinforcement when bx occurs
Respondent Extinction
un-pairing of CS & US
Antecedent Control
Response is altered in the presence of an antecedent stimulus.
Factors Affecting Stimulus Control
1. Pre-attending skills
2. Stimulus Salience: prominence of the stimulus in person's environment
Discriminative Stimulus
AKA: SD
Let's you know that reinforcement is available
Stimulus Delta
AKA: S∆
Stimulus that tells that reinforcement is not available OR has NOT received reinforcement in the past [Show Less]