Task Analysis
taking a difficult, complex task and breaking it up into smaller steps that are easier to teach.
Parametric analysis
involves
... [Show More] altering the value of the independent variable to determine how much of the independent variable is necessary to control the behavior.
Component Analysis
involves systematically removing components of an intervention package to see which components are actually controlling the behavior.
Redundancy cue
You have five picture cards with different animal pictures on them. You printed the pictures off so that the picture of the cow is brighter than all the other pictured animals. You then present these five picture cards to a client and you tell him to point to the picture of the cow. He successfully points to it. The brightened color on the picture of the cow serves as a stimulus that is paired with the correct response.
Position cue
Item being taught placed closer to student
movement cue
Pointing to, tapping, touching, looking at item being taught
behavioral momentum
increased tendency for a learner to make a particular response immediately after making similar responses
What is the ultimate goal of mand training?
The mand will be controlled solely by the motivation for the item. Even though the sight of the item may increase the motivation to ask for the time (think of a child seeing the ice cream truck), the ultimate goal would be for motivation alone to control the behavior of asking for the item since the item may not always be in sight. Mands shouldn't be controlled by another person saying the item first or by someone asking the learner what he wants.
dependent group contingency
the reward for the whole group is dependent on the performance of an individual student or small group
premack principle
commonly occurring behavior can reinforce a less frequent behavior
Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer
a stimulus that functions as a reinforcer because it has been paired with multiple backup reinforcers.
trials-to-criterion
involve setting a predetermined criterion and tracking how many trials it took to reach that criterion
rate
frequency divided by some unit of time
Respondent extinction
The repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus; the CS gradually loses its ability to elicit the conditioned response until the conditioned reflex no longer appears in the individual's repertoire.
When Michelle was a child, a centipede crawled on her and bit her on her arm in her parent's basement while playing hide and seek with her siblings. This resulted in Michelle having an extreme fear of centipedes in adulthood. Last week, a behavior analyst began working with Michelle to decrease her fear of centipedes. She took Michelle to her parent's basement where she had been bitten by a centipede and the behavior analyst brought a couple centipedes and exposed her to them without them biting her or crawling on her. Eventually, Michelle was no longer afraid of centipedes.
Respondent Conditioning
A stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus (NS) is presented with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response.
multiple baseline across settings design
the behavior analyst is working with one behavior of one person in multiple settings.
Frequency recording is best to use when:
1. the behavior has a clear stopping point and a clear ending point.
2. The behavior does not vary much in duration.
3. The behavior does not occur so frequently that it would be extremely difficult to track accurately.
Variable ratio and variable interval reinforcement schedules
do NOT have post-reinforcement pauses
Fixed interval and fixed ratio reinforcement schedules
DO have post-reinforcement pauses
Changing criterion experimental designs
used when the goal is to increase or decrease the frequency of a behavior that is already in the learner's repertoire
interdependent group contingency
In order for the group to earn reinforcement, all the individuals in the group must meet the criterion of the established contingency
dependent group contingency
the reward for the whole group is dependent on the performance of an individual student or small group
independent group contingency
All members of a group are offered a contingency, but only the individuals who meet the contingency earn the reinforcement.
Symmetry
Jillian is traveling to see the Eiffel Tower in France. She did not know how to speak French before she arrived there. When she arrives, she is taught to say, "Salut" when someone waves to her. Then, without being taught, she begins waving to people when they say, "Salut."
A=B (waving = salut) then this means B=A (salut = waving).
training loosely
changing non-controlling aspects of the discriminative stimulus so that the desired response can occur in numerous situations.
Example: you see a behavior therapist working with her client throughout the day teaching him to respond to greetings with a "hi" or similar message. The therapist greets him first in the morning saying, "hi, pal!" at the clinics entrance. She then makes a point to say, "Hey there!" to him when she returns to the play area after a bathroom break. The final time you see the therapist is near the end of the day when she returns form a quick conversation with her supervisor and returns to her client in the table work are saying, "hello!" to her client. [Show Less]