airway compromise
The major principles of thermal injury management include maintaining a high index of suspicion for the presence of __________
... [Show More] following smoke inhalation and secondary to burn edema; identifying and managing associated mechanical injuries; maintaining hemodynamic normality with volume resuscitation; controlling temperature; and removing the patient from the in- jurious environment.
rhabdomyolysis and cardiac dysrhythmias
Clinicians also must take measures to prevent and treat the potential com- plications of specific burn injuries. Examples include ________, which can be associated with electrical burns; extremity or truncal compartment syndrome, which can occur with large burn resuscitations; and ocular injuries due to flames or explosions.
extent of the inflammatory response to the injury
The most significant difference between burns and other injuries is that the consequences of burn injury are directly linked to the _________
edema
Airway injury in burns may develop over time and not be immediately present compared to other trauma, this is due to the process of ______
capillary
Burn injury hypovolemia is due to the inflammatory changes and _____ leak
leak
The goal of burn resuscitation is to maintain intravascular fluid in the face of an ongoing ________. Whereas the other trauma stops the leak and fills vascular space.
Clean (the heat killed the bacteria)
Are burn injuries dirty or clean?
immediate intubation
Stridor occurs late and indicates the need for _____
intubate the patient
Transfer patient to burn center with inhalation injury but first
neck
Early intubation is indicated for full thickness circumferential ____ burns
carbon monoxide poisoning
Direct thermal injury to the lower airway is very rare and essentially occurs only after exposure to superheated steam or ignition of inhaled flammable gases. Breathing concerns arise from three general causes: hypoxia, __________, and smoke inhalation injury.
carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO)
The diagnosis of CO poisoning is made primarily from a history of exposure and direct measurement of __________
high-flow (100%) oxygen via a non-rebreathing mask.
Because the half-life of HbCO can be reduced to 40 minutes by breathing 100% oxygen, any patient in whom CO exposure could have occurred should receive __________
2ml lactated ringer x patients body weight in kg x % TBSA
One half in first hour
One half over next 16 hours
then adjust based on UO
Initial Fluid rate for adults with 2nd and 3rd degree burns is:
3ml lactated ringer x patients body weight in kg x % TBSA
One half in first hour
One half over next 16 hours
Under 30 kg give 5% dextrose in water
then adjust based on UO
Initial Fluid rate for adults with 2nd and 3rd degree burns is:
infection
There is no indication for prophylactic antibiotics in the early postburn period. Reserve use of antibiotics for the treatment of _______.
20.
Insert a gastric tube and attach it to a suction setup if the patient experiences nausea, vomiting, or abdomin- al distention, or when a patient's burns involve more than ___% total BSA.
reaction with the neutralizing agent can itself produce heat and cause further tissue damage
Neutralizing agents offer no advantage over water lavage, because ___________
8
Alkali burns to the eye require continuous irrigation during the first ___ hours after the burn
First
________-degree frostbite: Hyperemia and edema are present without skin necrosis.
Second
______-degree frostbite: Large, clear vesicle formation accompanies the hyperemia and edema with partial-thickness skin necrosis.
Third
______-degree frostbite: Full-thickness and subcutaneous tissue necrosis occurs, commonly with hemorrhagic vesicle formation.
Fourth
_______-degree frostbite: Full-thickness skin necrosis occurs, including muscle and bone with later necrosis.
40°C (104°F)
Replace constricting, damp clothing with warm blankets, and give the patient hot fluids by mouth, if he or she is able to drink. Place the injured part in circulating water at a constant ____F until pink color and perfusion return (usually within 20 to 30 minutes).
maintaining the urine output of 100 mL/hr
The immediate treatment of electrical injury consists of: [Show Less]