ATCB exam 2023
Edith Kramer - -art as therapy
-sublimation-primitive urges are transformed by the ego into socially
acceptable outlets
-adjunct
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Margaret Naumberg - -"art psychotherapy"
-associated with psychoanalytic approach
-"dynamically oriented art therapy"
-primary therapist
Florence Cane - - Naumberg's sister
-The Artist in Each of US book
Elinor Ulman - -balance the "art" and "therapy" of art therapy
-founder of the American Journal of Art Therapy
-the UPAP art therapy assessment
Edward Adamson - - "studio approach"
-Art as Healing book
- art therapist in England
-patients are encouraged to paint with very little interference or analysis
Psychoanalytic Approach - Key Concepts: Id, ego, superego/ defense mechanisms/
transference-countertransference/ free
association/ resolution of internal conflicts
Psychoanalytic Approach
Defense mechanisms of the Ego - -automatic, unconscious strategies for reducing
anxiety
-avoidance, denial, disassociation, Displacement, fantasy, identification, identification
with the aggressor, intellectualization, introjection, isolation of affect, projection,
rationalization, reaction formation, regression, repression, symbolism, undoing
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic Approach - -founder of psychoanalysis
-Interpretation of Dreams book
-contributed to understanding of unconscious and formation of symbiosis
-by analyzing artwork, impact of early childhood experiences on the development of
adult personality
Ernst Kris
Psychoanalytic Approach - -"regression in service of the ego"
-Psychoanalytic Explorations in Art book
Heinz Kohut
Psychoanalytic Approach - -Self Psychology
-empathetic response from the therapist to heal client's developing self
-Concept of "transmuting internalizations" and forming a "cohesive self"
-in treatment of pre-oedipal problems
-views art as a way to relieve pain and anxiety and build ego strength
Object Relations Approach - Key Concept:-Mental representations of the self and other
(the object)
-infant's intrapsychic experiences of being parented, structure of its inner world
-pre-oedipal is another term to describe this phase
DW Winicott
Object Relations Approach - -pioneered school of object relations
-Transitional space (between mother & child, therapist & client)
-transitional object (blanket, teddy bear, also as relates to artwork)
-holding environment
-Winicott's Squiggle game (interactive projective scribble drawings)
Margaret Mahler
Object Relations Approach - -theory of developmental stages of human attachment
-normal autism- infant responds to mostly bodily sensations & internal stimuli
-normal symbiosis- caretaker & baby form attachment & are merged as one
-(hatching-dawning awareness of separateness from caretaker)
-rapproachment-child is drawn to and runs from caretaker; ambivalence
-separation/individuation- "object constancy", self of self and others as constant and
integrated beings
Melanie Klein
Object Relations Approach - -explored early fantasy life of infant, projection and
introjections
-"splitting" as a psychological defense (good mother/bad mother)
-associated with borderline personality
Judith Rubin
Psychoanalytic Art Therapist - - Child Art Therapy book
-open art assessment
-"framework for freedom" balance between structure and looseness in art therapy
Sessions
Arthur Robbins
Psychoanalytic Art Therapist - - Pratt Institute
-Object Relations as a framework
-"Psychoaesthetics" aesthetics of one's artwork reflect one's psychological makeup
Joy Schaverian
Psychoanalytic Art Therapist - - British art therapist
-symbolic "scapegoat"
Deborah Linesch
Psychoanalytic Art Therapist - - adolescents
-defense mechanisms in teenagers regression, displacement, asceticism,
intellectualization, isolation (separation of affect from content), and noncompromise
Myra Levick
Psychoanalytic Art Therapist - - the LECATA, based on Freud's defense mechanisms
-defense mechanisms are used to measure the emotional development of the child
Jungian Approach - Key concepts-Archetypal Symbols- come from the collective
unconscious
-exaamples-the Self, the Hero, the Crone, the Animus/Anima, and the Shadow (rejected
or feared aspects of one's personality)
Active Imagination
Jungian Approach - -observing internal images, dialoguing and interacting with the
images rather than simply analyzing them
Mandala
Jungian Approach - -healing circle- form of healing and self actualization
Humanistic Approach - Humanism-the individual is complete and whole and entire
person must be considered in the
Treatment. "holistic therapy"
-goal is self realization and fulfillment. Honors individual's responsibility to live out one's
creative potential in a meaningful lifestyle
-not based on "deficiencies"
Fritz Perls
Humanistic Approach - -Gestalt Therapy
-Developed in the 1960's
-"here and now"
-worked with dreams-each image in the dream is one aspect of the dreamer
-resolving "Unfinished business"
-used role play, "Hot seat", "empty chair" etc
Violet Oaklander
Humanistic Approach - -Window to our children
-used gestalt therapy with kids using art and play
Eric Berne
Humanistic Approach - -Transactional Analysis (T. A.)
-each individual has 3 ego states-Parent, Adult, and child
Carl Rogers
Humanistic Approach - -Client-Centered Approach
-reflect back an empathetic understanding of the client's ideas, even repeating back
client's phrases "Positive regard"
Abraham Maslow
Humanistic Approach - - Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow's triangle)
-needs need to be met before self actualization
7. self actualization need
6. aesthetic need
5. need to know and understand
4. esteem needs
3. belongingness and love needs
2. safety need
1. physiological needs (survival)
Janie Rhyne
Humanistic Art therapy - - Gestalt Art Theapy
-genuine contact with the client
-"being in the here and now"
-client responsible for finding meaning in the artwork
-enact art forms through movement, vocalizations, dreamwork, and role play
Bruce Moon
Humanistic Art therapy - - existential art therapy
-Existential Art Therapy, Canvas Mirror books
Mala Bentensky
Humanistic Art therapy - - phenomenological art therapy
-experience "things themselves" rather than preconceived theories
-structural components of artwork carry expressive meaning
-"distancing"-stepping away from artwork to view it
-"intentional looking" and asking client "what do you see?"
Shaun McNiff
Humanistic Art therapy - -Art as Medicine book
-dialoguing with the artwork
-Lesley College, art therapist as "shaman" including movement, drumming and
vocalizing to expand on the imagery in the artwork
Pat Allen
Humanistic Art therapy - -Art as a Way of Knowing book
-psycho-spiritual path
-return to the studio
Cognitive Behavioral Approach - Behavioral therapy Key Concepts-"symptoms" as
abhorrent behaviors which are learned and
reinforced by the Environment
-problem behaviors identified and clear treatment goals are developed
-empirical-direct observation
Cognitive therapy - -unexamined thoughts which influence behavior
-identify and alter beliefs which lead to negative symptoms
-harnessing mental images can contribute to behavioral change
Pavlov
Cognitive Behavioral Approach - -Russian physiologist
-classical conditioning-(food, sound, salivating in dogs)
-stimulus response
BF Skinner
Cognitive Behavioral Approach - -Behavior Modification
-operant conditioning-positive reinforcement, punishment, shaping, and modeling to
alter problematic behaviors
-token rewards
Aaron T. Beck
Cognitive Behavioral Approach - -cognitive therapy-treating depression
-addresses "cognitive errors" such as overgeneralization, arbitrary inference,
magnification and minimization
-remediates negative views of self and world
Rawley Silver
Cognitive Behavioral Approach - -role of art in identifying, evaluating, and developing
cognitive skills and related
emotional issues
-"Silver draw a story" screening
Marsha Lineham
Cognitive Behavioral Approach - DBT
-Dialectical Behavioral Therapy-with clients who are self destructive -borderline
personality disorder
Family Therapy - -identified patient may be acting out systemic problem in the family
-"reflecting team" one way observation screens and video tapes
Gregory Bateson
Family Therapy - - Palo Alto Project, 1952
-studied levels of communication in the family
-"double bind" mixed communication which causes a no win situation
Nathan Ackerman
Family Therapy - - psychoanalytic family therapy
-Psychodynamics of Family Life (1958)
-treating entire family when there is a disturbance in one of its members
Murray Bowen
Family Therapy - - Family systems therapy
-emphasis on theory and insight as opposed to action and technique
-goal is differentiation of the self
-focused on problems with boundaries between individuals and studied alliances in the
Family
-triangulation
-studied 3 generations of family
Carl Whitaker
Family Therapy - -Experiential Family therapy
-forceful and caring involvement of therapist created changes in families
-viewed family as integrated whole and worked towards enhancing togetherness and
cohesion
Salvador Minuchin
Family Therapy - -structural family therapy
-2 patterns in families "enmeshed" and "disengaged"
-families are structured in "subsystems" and "boundaries"
-interventions interrupted usual behaviors and create realignment of the subsystems
Virginia Satir
Family Therapy - -Conjoint family therapy
-healthy family involved open and reciprocal sharing of affection, feelings, and love
-described family roles- "the rescuer", "the placator"
Jay Haley
Family Therapy - -strategic family therapy
-prescriptive and paradoxical interventions-reframing, rituals, story telling, and
metaphors
-creatively solving problems instead of root cause of problems
-"confused hierarchies"
Maria Salvini Palazzoli
Family Therapy - - Milan Systematic model
-Paradox and Counterparadox
-families come for help but defeat therapist's suggestions for change
-"circular questioning" "triadic questioning"
-paradoxical assignments to create change and utilize hidden strengths
Monica McGoldrick
Family Therapy - -cultural/diversity issues that challenge and influence a family
-how clients experience pain, what is labeled a symptom or illness, what are acceptable
forms of communication, and attitudes receiving professional help
Michael White
Family Therapy - - Narrative Therapy
-"externalizing the problem"
-stories don't mirror life, they shape it
-breaking the grip of unhelpful stories and reorganizing the meaning of one's life with
more optimistic and flexible stories
-separate the individual from the symptom by externalizing it
-broader historical and cultural framework of the family
Harville Hendrix
Family Therapy - - Imago therapy for couples
-sees marriage as potential therapeutic vessel
-individuals unconsciously seek out partner who fits their image of their own parenting,
especially the painful aspects
-get stuck in patterns that replay childhood wounds
-"conscious marriage"
-Getting the Love you Want book
Hanna Kwiatkowska
Family Art Therapy - - Family Therapy and Evaluation Through Art book
-drawing assessments
Helen Landgarten
Family Art Therapy - -Family Art Psychotherapy
-family evaluation utilizing art directives reveal family's communication patterns
-process of interactions more important than content of artwork
Debra Linesch
Family Art Therapy - Edited Art Therpy with Families in Crisis
Shirley Riley
Family Art Therapy - -Integrated Approaches to Family Art Therapy book
Medical art therapy - while the psychological health of medical patients is also
important, the art therapist in the medical setting recognizes that their first goal "is to
expediently treat the presenting illness or physical condition" (1993). Medical art
therapists must be mindful to design their interventions within the scope of the patient's
overall medical treatment. Having a basic knowledge of each patient's illness,
medications, and procedures is important in order to design appropriate therapeutic
interventions. be mindful of a physical disability.
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