Le Chatelier's Principle - ANSWERSStates that if a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system shifts in the direction that relieves the
... [Show More] stress.
Bose-Einstein Principle - ANSWERSstates that a collection of atoms cooled close to absolute zero will coalesce into a single quantum state
Heisenberg uncertainty principle - ANSWERSStates that one cannot known both the momentum and position of an object with absolute certainty
Pauli Exclusion Principle - ANSWERSStates that two or more identical fermions, e.g. electrons, cannot occupy the same quantum state
The reaction between NADH and ubiquinone is exergonic, but the reaction, when catalyzed by Na+-NQR, does not generate much heat in vivo. What factor accounts for this difference? - ANSWERSThe movement of a charged particle against its concentration gradient is energetically costly. Coupling the two processes: the redox reaction between NADH and ubiquinone and the movement of Na+ up a concentration gradient makes the overall process less exothermic.
If all else is held constant, which of the following changes would NOT double the volume of a gas - ANSWERSBased on Boyle's Law, P is inversely proportional to volume, thus, doubling the pressure of a gas sample will decrease, not increase, the volume.
What is the molecular formula of the heterocyclic aromatic compound pyrrole? - ANSWERSC4H5N
How many Liters are in 1 mol of gas? - ANSWERS22.4 L
How does fluorescence occur? - ANSWERSFluorescence can occur when the absorbed radiation has a photon energy larger than the photon energy of the radiation emitted through fluorescence.
A major obstacle to obtaining useful energy from a nuclear fusion reactor is containment of the fuel at the very high temperatures required for fusion. The reason such high temperatures are required is to: - ANSWERSenable reactants to approach within range of the strong nuclear force.
Enantiomers can exhibit a difference in which chemical or physical property - ANSWERSEnantiomers have the same physical and chemical properties. They differ only in their three dimensional arrangement of atoms and their interactions with other chiral molecules. They can differ in their smell due to interacting differently with chiral odorant receptors.
Blood Flow Speed - ANSWERSV= Q/A
A= Pi*r^2
Which of the following species has an electron configuration equivalent to that of a noble gas
A. Ca2+
B. Cu2+
C.O
D.H - ANSWERSCa2+ has lost its valence electrons and thus attains the electronic configuration of the previous noble gas (Ar).
Copper has 11 outer electrons. Loss of 2 electrons.
positive cooperativity - ANSWERSthe first substrate changes the shape of the enzyme allowing other substrates to bind more easily
A 2 kg mass and a 5 kg mass are connected by a massless cord suspended over a massless and frictionless pulley. If the acceleration due to gravity is g, what will be the acceleration of the masses after they are released from rest? - ANSWERSAccording to Newton's second law, the net force acting on the 5-kg mass is given by the expression Fnet= 5 kg × a1 = 5 kg × g - T, where a1 is the acceleration after the release and T is the tension in the cord. The net force acting on the 2-kg mass is given by the expression Fnet= 2 kg × a2 = 2 kg × g - T. Because the two masses move simultaneously but in opposite directions after they are released, a1 = -a2 = a. Substituting the expression T = 5 kg × (g - a) into the equation of motion of the 2-kg mass yields -2 kg × a = 2 kg × g - 5 kg × (g - a) = -3 kg × g + 5 kg × a. Then 7 kg × a = 3 kg × g, hence a = 3g/7.
An ice cube at 0°C and 1 atm is heated to form steam at 100°C and 1 atm. Ignoring heat loss to the surroundings, what part of the process uses the most heat?
(Note: Specific heat of water = 1 cal/g°C. Heat of fusion = 80 cal/g. Heat of vaporization = 540 cal/g.) - ANSWERSVaporizing all the water requires 540 cal/g, which is a greater heat requirement than specific heat or heat of fusion.
Based on the passage, which of the following is closest to the pressure exerted on the chest by a 10 × 5 cm rectangular paddle during defibrillation?
(Note: 1 Pa = 1 N/m2.) - ANSWERSPressure is the ratio of the force applied perpendicular to a surface and the area of the surface. Because the normal component of the force is 100 N and the area is 10 cm × 5 cm = 50 cm2 = 0.005 m2, the pressure is (100 N)/(0.005 m2) = 20 kPa
Capacitance has a parallel relationship to... - ANSWERS1. Area of the parallel plates
2. Permittivity
3. Volage
Capacitance has an inverse relationship to... - ANSWERSSeparation between the parallel plates
If the wavelength of a light beam were doubled, its frequency would be: - ANSWERSThe product between wavelength and frequency is constant when light travels through a certain medium, thus doubling the wavelength results in halving the frequency.
If the energy of a photon is doubled, which of the following properties of the photon will also double? - ANSWERSThe energy of a photon is given by the relationship E = hf. If E is doubled, then frequency f is doubled, too, as Planck's constant h does not change.
If the red line in the Balmer series has a wavelength of 656 nm, which of the following is closest to its frequency? - ANSWERSFor light that travels in vacuum, wavelength and frequency are related according to wavelength × frequency = 3.0 × 108 m/s. Solving for frequency yields (3.0 × 108 m/s)/(656 × 10-9 m) = 4.6 × 1014 Hz.
Which of the following is closest to the wavelength of a photon whose energy is 2 eV? - ANSWERSUsing hc = 4.1 × 10-15 eV•s × 3 × 108 m/s = 1230 eV•nm, and λ = hc/E, then E = 2 eV corresponds to λ = (1230 eV•nm)/(2 eV) = 615 nm, which is closest to 620 nm.
adaptive immunity - ANSWERSthe ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them
e.x., T and B cells
Which metabolic process are GI tract bacteria directly involved? - ANSWERSConversion of PS into short chain fatty acids
Which amino acid exhibits a beta-branched side chain? - ANSWERSIsoleucine contains a branched side chain
In contrast to chemical messengers in classical endocrine signaling systems, chemical messengers in paracrine and autocrine signaling systems are: - ANSWERSnot transported by blood vessels.
Which membrane transporter is electrogenic and translocates a net charge across the membrane?
A. Na+− H+ exchanger
B. Na+−C- cotransporter
C. Na+−glucose cotransporter
D. GLUT2 facilitative glucose transporter - ANSWERSThe Na+-glucose cotransporter transports Na+ cations and glucose into the cell. This process is electrogenic, as it results in the net movement of positively charged molecules into the cell.
Which type of cells have a plasma membrane, lack a nucleus, lack most organelles, and are shaped like a flat disc with a concave center? - ANSWERSErythrocytes
G protein-coupled receptor - ANSWERSA signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signaling molecule by activating a G protein.
gel filtration chromatography - ANSWERSseparates proteins based on size
Ion exchange chromatography - ANSWERSmolecules separated based on net surface charge
Which type of reaction has a Keq > 1 and is kinetically fast?
A.Endergonic with high activation energy level
B.Endergonic with low activation energy level
C.Exergonic with high activation energy level
D.Exergonic with low activation energy level - ANSWERSD. Exergonic with low activation energy level.
A reaction that has a Keq > 1 is exergonic and a low activation energy results in fast reaction kinetics
Insulin - ANSWERSInsulin is secreted in response to high blood glucose levels by pancreatic beta cells
Glucagon - ANSWERSGlucagon is secreted in response to low blood glucose levels from pancreatic alpha cells.
Contraction of the diaphragm results in: - ANSWERSdecreased intrathoracic pressure and inhalation.
In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction where enzyme concentration is held constant and substrate concentration is relatively low, which kinetic parameter will increase with the addition of more substrate? - ANSWERSV0. V0 is the initial velocity of an enzymatic reaction. At low concentrations of substrate and constant enzyme concentration, adding more substrate will increase V0 until the maximal velocity is reached.
Km - ANSWERSSubstrate concentration at 1/2 Vmax
Kcat - ANSWERSturnover number (molecules catalyzed per second in optimal conditions)
Vmax / [E]
Vmax - ANSWERSmaximum initial velocity or rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction.
Which cells express lactase? - ANSWERSEnterocytes of the duodenal villi
cognitive schema - ANSWERSan integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world
Heuristic - ANSWERSa problem solving approach (algorithm) to find a satisfactory solution where finding an optimal or exact solution is impractical or impossible.
Parietal lobe - ANSWERSA region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing sensory information
Hippocampus - ANSWERSThe hippocampus is involved in memory encoding, which is necessary for the recall of the critical incident. Therefore, this structure is likely to be involved in the task.
Prefrontal cortex - ANSWERSThe prefrontal cortex is involved in executive functioning and decision making, which is likely to be involved in answering the assessments in the tasks, and is thus incorrect.
Amygdala - ANSWERSThe amygdala is involved in emotional encoding, which is likely to be involved in recalling the critical incident.
Psychodynamic theory - ANSWERSFreudian theory that unconscious forces determine behavior.
Reaction formation - ANSWERSReaction formation involves minimizing uncomfortable thoughts or emotions by overemphasizing their opposite.
Emotional displacement - ANSWERSEmotional displacement involves shifting the focus of emotion from a less to more acceptable target.
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - ANSWERSstage theory of psychosocial development, lifespan consists of eight dilemmas that must be solved correctly in order to solve the next dilemma
Cones - ANSWERSCones are the photoceptors responsible for color vision, and are mainly located in the fovea of the eye.
Rods - ANSWERSretinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond. They are located at the periphery of the eye.
Horizontal mobility - ANSWERSHorizontal mobility would represent an individual's change of role within the same social class
Vertical mobility - ANSWERSVertical mobility indicates a change in someone's socioeconomic status
Intergenerational mobility - ANSWERSIntergenerational mobility refers to generational change in socioeconomic status across different generations.
Structural mobility - ANSWERSStructural mobility refers to social mobility as a result of macro-social changes, generally impacting a significant part of the population.
Medicalization - ANSWERSMedicalization refers to the recategorization of a condition as a medical problem that requires diagnosis and treatment by medical experts.
Social facilitation - ANSWERSSocial facilitation occurs when the presence of an audience improves performance on a well-practiced task.
Looking-glass self - ANSWERSLooking-glass self refers to an individual basing their sense of self on how they think others perceive them.
Stimulus generalization - ANSWERSStimulus generalization refers to a stimulus-controlled behavior occurring in response to stimuli that physically resemble the original controlling stimulus.
stimulus discrimination - ANSWERSStimulus discrimination refers to a stimulus-controlled behavior occurring in response specifically to the original controlling stimulus without being elicited by stimuli that resemble the original stimulus.
Secondary reinforcement - ANSWERSSecondary reinforcers are stimuli that have acquired reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.
In operant conditioning, partial reinforcement, rather than continuous reinforcement, leads to a response that is: - ANSWERSSlower to acquire and more resistant to extinction.
scapegoat - ANSWERSScapegoating refers to erroneously assigning blame to an identifiable source, often when the real cause is abstract, such as globalization.
The categorization aspect of the cognitive functioning assessment involves which type of memory? - ANSWERSSemantic memory is memory for facts and knowledge. This is the memory system used for a categorization task which requires participants to use pre-existing knowledge to sort the items.
The morphological changes associated with elevated stress or exercise are examples of: - ANSWERSneural plasticity
Neural plasticity - ANSWERSNeural plasticity refers to the ability of the nervous system to modify itself, functionally and structurally, in response to experience or injury.
Hawthorne effect - ANSWERSThe Hawthorne effect refers to the change in the participants' behavior [Show Less]