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A BUNDLE OF AACM EXAM 2023/2024
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AAMC
What is the most likely sequelae in generating the decreased luminal pH following the destruction of antral D-cells in H. pylori infection? A. Decreased... [Show More] production of somatostatin→ decreased inhibition of chief cells→ increased gastric acid production by chief cells B. Decreased production of somatostatin→ decreased inhibition of D-cells→ increased gastric acid production by D-cells C. Decreased production of somatostatin→ decreased inhibition of parietal cells→ increased gastrin production by parietal cells D. Decreased production of somatostatin→ decreased inhibition of G-cells→ increased gastrin production→ increased numbers of mature parietal cells - ANSWERSD A gram-negative bacteria may (be): A. Utilizes Oxygen B. Teichoic acids C. Single lipid bilayer D. Thick peptidoglycan layer - ANSWERSA Which of the following experimental modification will most likely increase the degree of separation between two compounds in vacuum fractional distillation? A. Using a vacuum source that can achieve a lower pressure in the distillation apparatus B. Cooling the condenser with ice water C. Heating the distillation flask at a slower rate D. Using a shorter fractionating column - ANSWERSC How many sodium ions are in the 50.00 mL solution that dissolved 7.15g NáCǑ.10H2O (molar mass 286.14) - ANSWERS3.00E22 The boiling point of glycerine in comparison with that of isopropyl alcohol is: A. more than 10 degrees higher B. less than 10 degrees higher C. more than 10 degrees lower D. less than 10 degrees lower - ANSWERSA Glycerine has 3 OHs What is HCl at room temperature? A. gas B. liquid - ANSWERSA Which of the following properties is associated with glycine as a dipolar ion in aqueous solution? A. High molecular weight B. Low dielectric constant C. Low solubility in water D. High dipole moment - ANSWERSD Which carbon is C1 in a sugar? - ANSWERSThe anomeric carbon (derived from carbonyl in chain format) Compound 2 is larger than compound 1. Is volume of 1.0 g compound 2 greater/equal/smaller than the volume of 1.0g compound 1 at constant pressure? - ANSWERSSmaller. Because the volume of a gas depends only on the number of moles of the gas present and not on the identity of the gas. And according to the ideal gas law: V = (nR/P)/T, more moles of gas means larger volume. And because compound 2 is heavier than 1, there are less of moles of compound 2 in 1.0 g sample than compound 1. Thus the volume of compound 2 is smaller. A sparingly soluble metal hydroxide M(OH)2 has a molar solubility of S mol/L at 25 degree C. Its Ksp value is: - ANSWERS4S^3, because Ksp of AaBb = [A]^a[B]^b. Thus Ksp for M(OH)2 is [M][OH-]^2. Solubility = S mol/L means that [M] = S mol/L, and [OH-] = 2S mol/L, thus Ksp = [S][2S]^2 = 4S^3 As NaOH dissolves in water, the system becomes more/less random? (entropy, delta S) - ANSWERSMore, delta S > 0 Cathod of a galvanic cell is associated with reduction/oxidation? - ANSWERSReduction The cathode of an electrolytic cell is associated with reduction/oxidation? - ANSWERSReduction To prevent body from freezing, some wood frogs perform slow cooling by accelerates glucose release (hyperglycemia). Hyperglycemia promotes cellular dehydration because: A. Glucose accelerates the osmotic work performed by plasma membranes B. Glucose accelerate plasma membrane ion exchange pumps C. Glucose molecules raise the osmotic pressure of the extracellular space D. Glucose molecules are exchanged for water molecules across the plasma membrane - ANSWERSC. Glucose release from glycogen stores raises the osmotic presure of the body fluids and dehydrates cells, protecting them from freezing (only freezes the extracellular space). What is the function of glucagon? - ANSWERSStimulates the conversion of stored glycogen (stored in the liver) to glucose into blood stream 胰增血糖素 Where is glucagon secreted? - ANSWERSalpha cells in pancrease Does hyperglycemia increase/decrease insulin secretion? - ANSWERSIncrease insulin secretion in order to promote glucose uptake (storage) by liver and fat cells What is amitotic division? - ANSWERSA simple splitting of the cell in to half, occurs without formation of spindle fibers and appearance of chromosomes. It does not ensure even splitting of the DNA content To be an effective therapy, and antisense gene that is incorporated into genome that contains the target gene must be: A. on the same chromosome as the target gene but not necessarily physically adjacent B. on the same chromosome as the target gene and must be physically adjacent C. regulated in a similar manner as the target gene D. coded on the same strand of the DNA as the target gene - ANSWERSC. To provide effective therapy, the antisense gene would need to be regulated in a similar manner so that they can be transcribed at the same time, and then bind to each other. Note that here the DNAs are not binding, but the RNAs!!! If oligonucleotides such as mRNA were not degraded rapidly by inracellular agents, which of the following processes would be most affected? A. The coordination of cell differentiation during development B. The production of tRNA in the nucleus C. The diffusion of respiratory gases across the cell membrane D. The replication of DNA in the nucleus. - ANSWERSA. The coordination of cell differentiation during development is extremely sensitive to the timing of mRNA turnover How is increased ADH release related to glomerular filtration rate? - ANSWERSIncreased ADH increases water retention rate, which increases blood pressure and elevates glomerular filtration rate (how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute). What does aldosterone do and what would happen if an individual has aldosterone deficiency.? - ANSWERSAldosterone stimulates Na+ reabsorption. An individual who has aldosterone deficiency may experience decreased volume and decreased pressure. What is the role of vasodilation in body thermoregulation? - ANSWERSRadiating excess body heat into the environment When the environmental temperature is 45 degree, which of the following organisms will have the highest body temperature? A. Human B. Kangaroo rat C. Camel D. Lizard - ANSWERSD. The question is asking what organism is least able to utilize the cooling mechanism of vasodilation. What is a major contributor to kidney failure? - ANSWERSInsufficient blood flow to the kidneys can cause acute prerenal kidney failure. The kidneys can't filter toxins from the blood without enough blood flow. For example, severe dehydration can contribute to inadequate blood volume for effective filtration and cause kidney failure. What serves as the electron acceptor in production of lactate? A. oxygen B. NAD+ C. pyruvate D. water - ANSWERSC. Pyruvate -- (NADH -> NAD+) --> Lactate by lactate dehydrogenase Pyruvate: CH3COCOOH Lactate: CH3CO(OH)COOH Which other cellular components are likely to be found in E. coli cell membrane? A. proteins and glycolipids B. glycolipids and sterols C. sterols and phospholipids D. phospholipids and proteins - ANSWERSEukaryotes also have membrane lipid innovations that are not found in either Archaea or Bacteria: sterols and sphingolipids. Sterols and glycolipids are essential in all eukaryotic cell membranes, but not in bacteria (e.g., E. coli) What effect would the addition of chloramphenicol (a competitive inhibitor) have on the kinetics of its target enzyme? In terms of Vmax and Km - ANSWERSVmax remains unchanged, Km increases (takes more substrate to achieve 50% Vmax) What mechanism is most likely to responsible for the transport of a unstable, short-half-life transcript to the cytoplasmic membrane after synthesis in E.coli? A. Diffusion across the cytoplasm B. Transport via attachment to the mitotic spindle C. Active transport along cytoskeletal filaments D. Transport from the endoplasmic reticulum in vesicles - ANSWERSC. Prokaryotes do not undergo mitosis Prokaryotes lack nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.. What is the integrated rate law of a 0th order rxn (constant rate)? rate= -d[A]/dt =k - ANSWERS[A]=−kt+[A]₀ concentration of a reactant as a function of time Unit of k is M/sec What is the integrated rate law of a 1st order rxn? rate= -d[A]/dt=k[A] - ANSWERSln[A]=−kt+ln[A]₀ or [A]=[A]₀e^(−kt) Unit of k is 1/sec What is the integrated rate law of a 2nd order rxn? rate= -d[A]/dt=k[A]² = k[A][B] - ANSWERS1/[A]=1/[A]₀+kt Unit of k is 1/[M sec] Phosphatadylethanolamine is a A. glycoprotein B. lipid C. sugar D. protein - ANSWERSB. need long acyl chains What happens to the pH of a soapy solution as a result of the introduction of hardness ions (M2+)? A. The pH increases as [H+] increases B. The pH is not changed since no acid-base reaction occurs C. The pH decrease as [OH-] decreases D. The effect on pH depends on the identity M2+ - ANSWERSC. M²⁺(aq) + 2NaC₁₇H₃₂CO₂ (aq)→ 2Na⁺(aq) + M(CH₃²CO₂)₂(s) [C₁₇H₃₂CO₂]⁻ is a weak base, removal of weak base results in a decrease in pH and a decrease in [OH]⁻ saturation kinetics - ANSWERShigh initial concentration of substrate after which the rate of reaction is independent of further increases in initial substrate concentration, and the enzyme is saturated with substrate. [enzyme-substrate kinetics] Foot-in-the-door technique - ANSWERSconvincing individuals to make a small commitment towards a cause, because this small commitment increases the likelihood for a larger commitment toward the same cause in the future. *Example: encourage ppl to sign a petition to support a commitment. Reference group [social psyc] - ANSWERSany group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behvaior Primary group [social psyc] - ANSWERSa informal, personal group of close friends and family Secondary group [social psyc] - ANSWERSa formal, impersonal group of acquaintances, colleagues, casual friends etc. Social group - ANSWERSa collection of people with common identity and regular interaction In a case-control study, the dependent variable is temporally ____ to the measurement of the independent variable - ANSWERSPrior. Which weakens the study method positive reinforcement - ANSWERSintroducing a pleasant stimuli that increases the behavioral frequency negative reinforcement - ANSWERSremoving a unpleasant stimuli that increases the behavioral frequency [Show Less]
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Le Chatelier's Principle - ANSWERSStates that if a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system shifts in the direction that relieves the stres... [Show More] s. Bose-Einstein Principle - ANSWERSstates that a collection of atoms cooled close to absolute zero will coalesce into a single quantum state Heisenberg uncertainty principle - ANSWERSStates that one cannot known both the momentum and position of an object with absolute certainty Pauli Exclusion Principle - ANSWERSStates that two or more identical fermions, e.g. electrons, cannot occupy the same quantum state The reaction between NADH and ubiquinone is exergonic, but the reaction, when catalyzed by Na+-NQR, does not generate much heat in vivo. What factor accounts for this difference? - ANSWERSThe movement of a charged particle against its concentration gradient is energetically costly. Coupling the two processes: the redox reaction between NADH and ubiquinone and the movement of Na+ up a concentration gradient makes the overall process less exothermic. If all else is held constant, which of the following changes would NOT double the volume of a gas - ANSWERSBased on Boyle's Law, P is inversely proportional to volume, thus, doubling the pressure of a gas sample will decrease, not increase, the volume. What is the molecular formula of the heterocyclic aromatic compound pyrrole? - ANSWERSC4H5N How many Liters are in 1 mol of gas? - ANSWERS22.4 L How does fluorescence occur? - ANSWERSFluorescence can occur when the absorbed radiation has a photon energy larger than the photon energy of the radiation emitted through fluorescence. A major obstacle to obtaining useful energy from a nuclear fusion reactor is containment of the fuel at the very high temperatures required for fusion. The reason such high temperatures are required is to: - ANSWERSenable reactants to approach within range of the strong nuclear force. Enantiomers can exhibit a difference in which chemical or physical property - ANSWERSEnantiomers have the same physical and chemical properties. They differ only in their three dimensional arrangement of atoms and their interactions with other chiral molecules. They can differ in their smell due to interacting differently with chiral odorant receptors. Blood Flow Speed - ANSWERSV= Q/A A= Pi*r^2 Which of the following species has an electron configuration equivalent to that of a noble gas A. Ca2+ B. Cu2+ C.O D.H - ANSWERSCa2+ has lost its valence electrons and thus attains the electronic configuration of the previous noble gas (Ar). Copper has 11 outer electrons. Loss of 2 electrons. positive cooperativity - ANSWERSthe first substrate changes the shape of the enzyme allowing other substrates to bind more easily A 2 kg mass and a 5 kg mass are connected by a massless cord suspended over a massless and frictionless pulley. If the acceleration due to gravity is g, what will be the acceleration of the masses after they are released from rest? - ANSWERSAccording to Newton's second law, the net force acting on the 5-kg mass is given by the expression Fnet= 5 kg × a1 = 5 kg × g - T, where a1 is the acceleration after the release and T is the tension in the cord. The net force acting on the 2-kg mass is given by the expression Fnet= 2 kg × a2 = 2 kg × g - T. Because the two masses move simultaneously but in opposite directions after they are released, a1 = -a2 = a. Substituting the expression T = 5 kg × (g - a) into the equation of motion of the 2-kg mass yields -2 kg × a = 2 kg × g - 5 kg × (g - a) = -3 kg × g + 5 kg × a. Then 7 kg × a = 3 kg × g, hence a = 3g/7. An ice cube at 0°C and 1 atm is heated to form steam at 100°C and 1 atm. Ignoring heat loss to the surroundings, what part of the process uses the most heat? (Note: Specific heat of water = 1 cal/g°C. Heat of fusion = 80 cal/g. Heat of vaporization = 540 cal/g.) - ANSWERSVaporizing all the water requires 540 cal/g, which is a greater heat requirement than specific heat or heat of fusion. Based on the passage, which of the following is closest to the pressure exerted on the chest by a 10 × 5 cm rectangular paddle during defibrillation? (Note: 1 Pa = 1 N/m2.) - ANSWERSPressure is the ratio of the force applied perpendicular to a surface and the area of the surface. Because the normal component of the force is 100 N and the area is 10 cm × 5 cm = 50 cm2 = 0.005 m2, the pressure is (100 N)/(0.005 m2) = 20 kPa Capacitance has a parallel relationship to... - ANSWERS1. Area of the parallel plates 2. Permittivity 3. Volage Capacitance has an inverse relationship to... - ANSWERSSeparation between the parallel plates If the wavelength of a light beam were doubled, its frequency would be: - ANSWERSThe product between wavelength and frequency is constant when light travels through a certain medium, thus doubling the wavelength results in halving the frequency. If the energy of a photon is doubled, which of the following properties of the photon will also double? - ANSWERSThe energy of a photon is given by the relationship E = hf. If E is doubled, then frequency f is doubled, too, as Planck's constant h does not change. If the red line in the Balmer series has a wavelength of 656 nm, which of the following is closest to its frequency? - ANSWERSFor light that travels in vacuum, wavelength and frequency are related according to wavelength × frequency = 3.0 × 108 m/s. Solving for frequency yields (3.0 × 108 m/s)/(656 × 10-9 m) = 4.6 × 1014 Hz. Which of the following is closest to the wavelength of a photon whose energy is 2 eV? - ANSWERSUsing hc = 4.1 × 10-15 eV•s × 3 × 108 m/s = 1230 eV•nm, and λ = hc/E, then E = 2 eV corresponds to λ = (1230 eV•nm)/(2 eV) = 615 nm, which is closest to 620 nm. adaptive immunity - ANSWERSthe ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them e.x., T and B cells Which metabolic process are GI tract bacteria directly involved? - ANSWERSConversion of PS into short chain fatty acids Which amino acid exhibits a beta-branched side chain? - ANSWERSIsoleucine contains a branched side chain In contrast to chemical messengers in classical endocrine signaling systems, chemical messengers in paracrine and autocrine signaling systems are: - ANSWERSnot transported by blood vessels. Which membrane transporter is electrogenic and translocates a net charge across the membrane? A. Na+− H+ exchanger B. Na+−C- cotransporter C. Na+−glucose cotransporter D. GLUT2 facilitative glucose transporter - ANSWERSThe Na+-glucose cotransporter transports Na+ cations and glucose into the cell. This process is electrogenic, as it results in the net movement of positively charged molecules into the cell. Which type of cells have a plasma membrane, lack a nucleus, lack most organelles, and are shaped like a flat disc with a concave center? - ANSWERSErythrocytes G protein-coupled receptor - ANSWERSA signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signaling molecule by activating a G protein. gel filtration chromatography - ANSWERSseparates proteins based on size Ion exchange chromatography - ANSWERSmolecules separated based on net surface charge Which type of reaction has a Keq > 1 and is kinetically fast? A.Endergonic with high activation energy level B.Endergonic with low activation energy level C.Exergonic with high activation energy level D.Exergonic with low activation energy level - ANSWERSD. Exergonic with low activation energy level. A reaction that has a Keq > 1 is exergonic and a low activation energy results in fast reaction kinetics Insulin - ANSWERSInsulin is secreted in response to high blood glucose levels by pancreatic beta cells Glucagon - ANSWERSGlucagon is secreted in response to low blood glucose levels from pancreatic alpha cells. Contraction of the diaphragm results in: - ANSWERSdecreased intrathoracic pressure and inhalation. In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction where enzyme concentration is held constant and substrate concentration is relatively low, which kinetic parameter will increase with the addition of more substrate? - ANSWERSV0. V0 is the initial velocity of an enzymatic reaction. At low concentrations of substrate and constant enzyme concentration, adding more substrate will increase V0 until the maximal velocity is reached. Km - ANSWERSSubstrate concentration at 1/2 Vmax Kcat - ANSWERSturnover number (molecules catalyzed per second in optimal conditions) Vmax / [E] Vmax - ANSWERSmaximum initial velocity or rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction. Which cells express lactase? - ANSWERSEnterocytes of the duodenal villi cognitive schema - ANSWERSan integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world Heuristic - ANSWERSa problem solving approach (algorithm) to find a satisfactory solution where finding an optimal or exact solution is impractical or impossible. Parietal lobe - ANSWERSA region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing sensory information Hippocampus - ANSWERSThe hippocampus is involved in memory encoding, which is necessary for the recall of the critical incident. Therefore, this structure is likely to be involved in the task. Prefrontal cortex - ANSWERSThe prefrontal cortex is involved in executive functioning and decision making, which is likely to be involved in answering the assessments in the tasks, and is thus incorrect. Amygdala - ANSWERSThe amygdala is involved in emotional encoding, which is likely to be involved in recalling the critical incident. Psychodynamic theory - ANSWERSFreudian theory that unconscious forces determine behavior. Reaction formation - ANSWERSReaction formation involves minimizing uncomfortable thoughts or emotions by overemphasizing their opposite. Emotional displacement - ANSWERSEmotional displacement involves shifting the focus of emotion from a less to more acceptable target. Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - ANSWERSstage theory of psychosocial development, lifespan consists of eight dilemmas that must be solved correctly in order to solve the next dilemma Cones - ANSWERSCones are the photoceptors responsible for color vision, and are mainly located in the fovea of the eye. Rods - ANSWERSretinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond. They are located at the periphery of the eye. Horizontal mobility - ANSWERSHorizontal mobility would represent an individual's change of role within the same social class Vertical mobility - ANSWERSVertical mobility indicates a change in someone's socioeconomic status Intergenerational mobility - ANSWERSIntergenerational mobility refers to generational change in socioeconomic status across different generations. Structural mobility - ANSWERSStructural mobility refers to social mobility as a result of macro-social changes, generally impacting a significant part of the population. Medicalization - ANSWERSMedicalization refers to the recategorization of a condition as a medical problem that requires diagnosis and treatment by medical experts. Social facilitation - ANSWERSSocial facilitation occurs when the presence of an audience improves performance on a well-practiced task. Looking-glass self - ANSWERSLooking-glass self refers to an individual basing their sense of self on how they think others perceive them. Stimulus generalization - ANSWERSStimulus generalization refers to a stimulus-controlled behavior occurring in response to stimuli that physically resemble the original controlling stimulus. stimulus discrimination - ANSWERSStimulus discrimination refers to a stimulus-controlled behavior occurring in response specifically to the original controlling stimulus without being elicited by stimuli that resemble the original stimulus. Secondary reinforcement - ANSWERSSecondary reinforcers are stimuli that have acquired reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers. In operant conditioning, partial reinforcement, rather than continuous reinforcement, leads to a response that is: - ANSWERSSlower to acquire and more resistant to extinction. scapegoat - ANSWERSScapegoating refers to erroneously assigning blame to an identifiable source, often when the real cause is abstract, such as globalization. The categorization aspect of the cognitive functioning assessment involves which type of memory? - ANSWERSSemantic memory is memory for facts and knowledge. This is the memory system used for a categorization task which requires participants to use pre-existing knowledge to sort the items. The morphological changes associated with elevated stress or exercise are examples of: - ANSWERSneural plasticity Neural plasticity - ANSWERSNeural plasticity refers to the ability of the nervous system to modify itself, functionally and structurally, in response to experience or injury. Hawthorne effect - ANSWERSThe Hawthorne effect refers to the change in the participants' behavior [Show Less]
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misinformation effect - ANSWERSwhen you receive misinformation, you may incorporate that into your account of the event discriminatory stimuli - ANSWERS... [Show More] learn to distinguish between stimuli limbic system - ANSWERScontrols basic emotions such as fear, etc. reticular activating system - ANSWERSfocus on what you want habituation - ANSWERSget used to a stimulus dishabituation - ANSWERSchanging the stimulus human stress response - ANSWERSnot specific for a particular stressor hindbrain - ANSWERSbalance, motor coordination midbrain - ANSWERSreflexes group polarization - ANSWERSgo to a more extreme of your original position than you once were sensory memory - ANSWERSmemory stored shortest amount of time implicit memory - ANSWERSunconscious memory reference group - ANSWERSgroup you would like to be like role strain - ANSWERStension within a single role role conflict - ANSWERStension between two different roles larger groups - ANSWERSmore stable less intimate conflict theory - ANSWERSgroups want to maintain their advantages ethnographic methods - ANSWERSsystematic observation of an entire social environment transmembrane proteins - ANSWERSenter the endomembrane system by docking at the rough ER - use signal sequence fused rings in a steroid - ANSWERS4 descending limb - ANSWERSwater leaves ascending limb - ANSWERSsodium chloride leaves ADH - ANSWERSallows water to be reabsorbed by inserting aquaporins transcription factors - ANSWERSbind DNA and recruit RNA polymerase ABC transport protein - ANSWERSuses ATP for transport outside of cell erythrocytes - ANSWERScontain no DNA amide group - ANSWERSformed in peptide bonds energy of electromagnetic spectrum - ANSWERSproportional to number of photons emitted Watt*Second - ANSWERSWork done oxidizing/reducing agent - ANSWERSthink disulfide bond high negative charge - ANSWERSre [Show Less]
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membrane-bound organelles - ANSWERSWhat is one characteristic that distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells? CNS - ANSWERSWhere is pain per... [Show More] ceived, neurons in the CNS or PNS? myoglobin - ANSWERSWhat is a substance that holds oxygen in muscles and organs? mRNA - ANSWERSThe destruction of what prevents continuous protein production - that allows the cell to change its protein expression over time? timing - ANSWERSWhat about the expression of an antisense gene is a key feature in determining if the antisense drug will work? uneven - ANSWERSDo ova-producing cells of females produce even or uneven division? And have an even or uneven amount of nuclear material? s phase - ANSWERSThe synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. (especially important in cells with low DNA concentrations) prophase - ANSWERSIn what phase do chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms? interphase - ANSWERSIn what phase is it a period of the cell cycle between cell divisions - rest metaphase - ANSWERSsecond phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell and divide, one copy moving to each daughter cell anaphase - ANSWERSPhase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell telophase - ANSWERSthe final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle transformation - ANSWERS(genetics) modification of a cell or bacterium by the uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA - one of the three ways bacteria can exchange genes tranduction - ANSWERSOne of the three ways bacteria can exchange genes, is the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus. It also refers to the process whereby foreign DNA is introduced into another cell via a viral vector. conjugation - ANSWERSOne of the three w ways bacteria can exchange genes = involves production of a special pilus by one bacterium and transfer through it of DNA to another bacterium, requires a special gene that is usually present on a plasmid plasmid - ANSWERSA separate extragenomic strand of DNA not incorporated into ta bacterium's own DNA Can be used to repress production of a gene insulin, glucagon - ANSWERSHyperglycemia normally elicits what kind of secretion? And what kind of secretion is suppressed? inflammation - ANSWERSWhat do leukocytes gravitate towards? acidic (harsh) environment - ANSWERSWhy does you stomach denature proteins/antibodies? somatic - ANSWERSWhat type of cells line the stomach? 2 - ANSWERSHow many ATP molecules do glycolysis produce? 3Na+, 2K+ (sodium-potassium pump) - ANSWERSHow much sodium and potassium is used up to make one molecule of ATP during glycolysis permeability - ANSWERSAction potentials result in an increased _____________ of the plasma membrane to Na+ loop of henle - ANSWERSWhat part of the kidney is Na+ reabsorption the most important because it is reabsorbed from filtrate moving through the nephron? Mechanism for how kidneys concentrate urine pituitary - ANSWERSgland that is the master gland of the endocrine system adrenal gland - ANSWERSsource of the hormone norepinephrine which affects arousal sits atop our kidneys and secretes hormones involved in the stress response duplicate - ANSWERSWould the double strand daughter DNA molecule be a duplicate of the parent molecule or antiparallel? golgi apparatus - ANSWERSA system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell mesoderm - ANSWERSin an embryo, the middle layer of cells that gives rise to muscles, blood, and various systems - circulatory, bone, dermal ectoderm - ANSWERSthe outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue, mouth endoderm - ANSWERSthe inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems krebs cycle - ANSWERSproduces molecules that carry energy to the second part of cellular respiration - aerobic metabolism circular - ANSWERSDo prokaryotes (bacteria) have linear or circular DNA? neurotransmitters, hormones - ANSWERSWhat are two chemicals that are found in the blood stream? liver - ANSWERSWhere is glycogen made, stored, and broken down? pancreas - ANSWERSbetween the kidneys; regulates the blood sugar levels - produces including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide, all of which circulate in the blood. digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing bicarbonate to neutralize acidity of chyme moving in from the stomach, as well as digestive enzymes that assist digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine skeletal, cardiac - ANSWERSWhat two types of muscle often contain striated muscle fibers` smooth muscle - ANSWERSInvoluntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body GTP - ANSWERS ATP - ANSWERS stable pH gradient - ANSWERSWhen does isoelectric focusing what does one need in order to visualize the proteins which are separated based on isoelectric point? exons - ANSWERSTo form different isoforms synthesized from the same gene alternative splicing must occur so that their are different combinations of _________ connective tissue - ANSWERSA body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts ex: osteoclasts lower - ANSWERSA higher affinity corresponds to a higher or lower Kd peptide - ANSWERSWhat type of hormones are lipophobic (hydrophilic) and soluble in blood? steroid - ANSWERSWhat type of hormones are lipophilic and need transport proteins to be move through the blood stream? cleave disulfide bonds - ANSWERSWhat does a reducing agent in SDS-Page do? LH - ANSWERShormone that triggers ovulation estrogen - ANSWERShormone produced by the ovaries; promotes female secondary sex characteristics progesterone - ANSWERSa steroid hormone released by the corpus luteum that stimulates the uterus to prepare for pregnancy. fats (ex: triglycerides, fatty acids) - ANSWERSwhat does bile break down? histone - ANSWERSprotein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin, eukaryotic cels, allow nucleosomes to form highly compact 30nm chromatin fibers cartilaginous - ANSWERSWhat type of growth plates are at the end of long bones that thicken the cartilage and then become ossified - grow via endochondral ossification centromere splitting - ANSWERSA key difference between Mitosis and Meiosis I phosphotase - ANSWERSenzyme that removes phosphate kinase - ANSWERSan enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups euchromatin - ANSWERSThe less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription. heterochromatin - ANSWERShighly compacted chromatin that is not accessible for transcription carboxylic acid, hydrocarbon - ANSWERSA fatty acid contains a ______________ head, and a ______________ tail protease - ANSWERSenzyme that digests protein does hydrolytic cleavage in a polypeptide chain endonuclease - ANSWERSAn enzyme that cleaves its nucleic acid substrate at internal sites in the nucleotide sequence. exonuclease - ANSWERSenzyme that cleaves off nucleotides, one at a time, from the end of the RNA ribonuclease - ANSWERSenzyme that breaks down RNA ectoderm - ANSWERSWhat germ layer is the mouth from? 1` - ANSWERSIn oxidative phosphorylation, cytochrome C acts as a __ electron carrier High, ends - ANSWERSSuitable primers have a low/high GC contents have G or C at the ______ (middle/ends) nondisjunction - ANSWERSError in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate. Can occur during Meiosis I or Meiosis II during anaphase. L (D or other conformations will inhibit it) - ANSWERSWhat type of isomers are the only ones that can be used to form proteins during ribosomal protein synthesis? 38, 2 - ANSWERSIn aerobic conditions cellular respiration is used and produces _____ ATP, in anaerobic conditions fermentation is used and ______ ATP is produced. microfilament - ANSWERSWhat type of filament is actin? photoreceptors - ANSWERSvisual receptor cells in the retina that absorb light carbonic anhydrase - ANSWERSan enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of O2 + CO2 --> HCO3- lysosome - ANSWERScell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell ~ degradation, macrophages bind to it after they have ingested foreign material no (0% chance of being inherited) - ANSWERSIs a deletion mutation or mutation related to a change in DNA genetic? splice acceptor site - ANSWERSsite at the end of an intron, intron 3' right end, extra part of a sequence that influences alternative splicing. gene promoter - ANSWERSthe place where RNA polymerase binds to the DNA to begin transcription - initiates transcription of a gene signal sequence - ANSWERSThe sequence within a protein that directs the protein to a particular organelle. nuclear localization signal - ANSWERSa sequence of amino acids on a protein that serve to direct that protein to the nucleus intron, promoter - ANSWERSWhat two things will mature RNA likely not have? Na+/K+ pump - ANSWERSmoves ions against their gradients to restore the resting membrane potential after an action potential transcription factor - ANSWERSA regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes. lipid raft - ANSWERSA discrete plasma membrane domain formed as a cluster of cholesterol and sphingolipids. lipids assembled in a group in a defined patch in the cell membrane passive, pressure difference - ANSWERSThe initial step of filtration in the glomberulus of the kidney occurs by active or passive transport/flow and due to what? obligate parasites - ANSWERSunable to grow outside of a living host ex: human viruses increase - ANSWERSif a downstream response is inhibited an upstream response will decrease or increase? type 1 and type 2 - ANSWERSWhat type of diabetes will regular exercise help? type 1 (have impaired production of insulin, type 2 doesn't respond to it) - ANSWERSWhat type of diabetes will respond to additional insulin? endomembrane - ANSWERSsecreted proteins are cleaved into their mature form within what system? chaperone protein - ANSWERSMolecule that facilitates proper protein folding and inhibits the formation of nonfunctional protein aggregates. adhesion protein - ANSWERSprotein that helps cells stick together in animal tissues clathrin - ANSWERSa protein that plays a major role in the formation of coated vesicles The network of proteins t [Show Less]
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AAMC
Pressure (fluid) - ANSWERSpgh density x g x change in height Nearsighted (myopic) - ANSWERSDiverging lens; image is focused in front of retina Far... [Show More] sighted (hyperopia) - ANSWERSConverging lens; image is focused beyond the retina Index - ANSWERSSpeed of air (Vair) / Speed of medium (Vmedium) Ratio of h(image) to h(object) - ANSWERSf of image/ f of object Ratio of O/I distance = Ratio of O/I height Mass of O/mass of submerged - ANSWERSdensity of O/ density of fluid Mass of O = 15, Mass of fluid loss = 5 15/5 = 3 = ratio of density of O/density of fluid density of fluid = 0.7 -> density of O = 0.7 x 3 = 2.1 Hydrostatic pressure - ANSWERSThe pressure at the bottom of a tube of height h filled with liquid of density = pgh due to the weight of the liquid. Speed of a WAVE - ANSWERSv=f(lamda) Unknown O = 31.6N Apparent weight = 19.8N specific gravity of sample? - ANSWERSUnknown O force / Liquid displaced force 32N / (32N-20N) = 32/12 = 8/3 = 2.66 Apoptosis - ANSWERSCytochrome C release from MT Cell shrinkage and blebbing Caspase activation Specific activity of a protein - ANSWERSMeasure of the enzyme units per mg of total protein in a solution Provides a measure of the purity of an enzymatic mixture Disruption of 2 S-S bond - ANSWERS2 molecules of NADH (reducing agent) Sociological concept of Medicalization - ANSWERSA problem becomes described in medical terminology and treated by medical professions Behavior problem (alcoholism) becomes described and treated as a medical condition when it was not previously conceived in that way Social stigma - ANSWERSan attribute that is devalued Derived from symbolic interactionist perspective in sociology and calls attention to how certain individuals or groups face social disapproval. Often, the social disapproval is associated with a behavior, identity, or other attribute that is considered deviant by others Looking-glass self - ANSWERSSelf concept as a product of social interaction, emerging out of the way an individuals perceives others to view him or her More than the product of self-reflection The way in which people see themselves is based on how they believe others perceive them during social interaction Social epidemiology - ANSWERSThe social determinants of health and disease Dramaturgical approach to social interaction - ANSWERSAn individual will modify his or her front stage self in response to the perceived audience Dramaturgical approach - ANSWERSFront stage self back stage self Impression management Communication Validity - ANSWERSto the extent to which a measure reflects the phenomenon being studied Role strain - ANSWERSStress experienced from contradictory demands of the same social role Ex) physician demand of extending life with interventions while accepting the reality of death Ethnographic research - ANSWERSObserving social interactions in real social setting Actor-observer bias - ANSWERSActor's tendency to explain his/her own behavior by situational factors whereas the observer tends to explain the actor's behavior by internal stable traits Diathesis-stress model - ANSWERSIntegrate the influence of biological predispositions and the environment Learned helplessness - ANSWERSUncontrollable exposer to an aversive stimulus results in learned helplessness, independent of the intensity of the punishment Regular breathing and regular, slow brain waves - ANSWERSStage 3 - deep sleep stage Humanistic perspective - ANSWERSExplain behavior through self-concept and incongruence Neural plasticity - ANSWERSChanges in brain size as a function of environmental influences Social facilitation - ANSWERSA participant is asked solve an easy puzzle in front of other participant Encoding specificity effect - ANSWERSEnhanced memory when testing takes place under the same conditions as learning Belief perseverence - ANSWERSThe tendency to hold on a set of beliefs in spite of being faced by evidence that proves otherwise Hindsight bias - ANSWERSinclination, after an event has occurred, to see the event as having been predictable, despite there having been little or no objective basis for predicting it. Long-term potentiation - ANSWERSThe consistent process of strengthening neural synapses according to various activation patterns. As a synapse strengthens, the signal transmission time becomes quicker. For example: a mouse is placed in a maze, and in one of the corners is a piece of cheese. Assuming the mouse is successful, and finds the cheese, the mouse will more easily find the cheese (if put in the same place), next time he is placed in the maze. CAT scan and MRI - ANSWERSTo study the structure of the brain fMRI and PET scan - ANSWERSfMRI - detect brain activity PET - detect brain activity using radioactive glucose tracers Latent learning - ANSWERSA form of learning that occurs without any obvious reinforcement or punishment Binocular depth cue - ANSWERSRetinal disparity - the space between the eyes that allows binocular vision to create depth perception. Motion parallax - ANSWERSA depth cue that results from our motion. As we move, objects that are closer to us move farther across our field of view than do objects that are in the distance. Good insulator; poor conductor - ANSWERSElectrons in the material cannot easily move from one atom to another The valence electrons are tightly bound to their atoms, and it takes a great amount of energy to free them from their atomic energy levels A volume of gas at higher Pressure (1 atm -> 500 atm) - ANSWERSSomewhat more than ideal gas volume because of the space occupied by the individual gas molecules During titration, the pH at which a color change is observed depends on the: - ANSWERSpKa of indicator (Hin) The indictor will change color over a specific pH range. The range at which the color change takes place depends on the point at which Hin is converted to In-, and this depends on the pKa of the indicator. Which substance is more likely to be more soluble in HCl than NaOH? A. AgCl B. Pb(OH)2 C. CaF2 D. HI - ANSWERSAs the basic anion is consumed, the dissolution reaction is driven to the right by Le Chatelier's principle Sperm movement from male testis to the fertilization in the female - ANSWERSEpididymis, vas deferens, urethra, vagina, cervix, uterus, Fallopian tube Level of albumin at HIGH - ANSWERSAn influx of interstitial fluid into the bloodstream Single spermatocyte with double chromosomal duplication before tetrad formation - ANSWERSNormal 1 spermatocyte - 4 haploid sperm Abnormal duplication - 4 diploid sperm Knee-jerk reflex - ANSWERSSimple monosynaptic stretch reflex Germ cell layer of endotherm mesoderm ectoderm - ANSWERSEctoderm - nervous system and epidermis (eye) Endotherm - lining of the digestive tube and associated organs (lung) Endotherm - blood cells, connective tissue (bones, muscles, and tendons), and several organs (kidney, heart, gonad) Highest rate of endocytosis - ANSWERSA macrophage Clear cells and tissue debris and foreign objects from the body by endocytosis (the process by which cells engulf extracellular materials) Neurotransmitter - ANSWERSExocytosis Glycolytic pat [Show Less]
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AAMC
In the chromatography of the reaction mixture, water absorbed on cellulose functioned as the stationary phase. What was the principal factor determining th... [Show More] e migration of individual components in the sample? A) Hydrogen bonding B) Solute concentration C) Stationary phase concentration D) Thickness of paper - ANSWERSA) Hydrogen bonding The answer to this question is A because the relative amount of hydrogen bonding to the stationary phase will determine the relative rate of migration of the various components in the sample. What assumption is being made if scientists conclude that aspartic acid was formed by the prebiological synthesis in the passage? A) Aspartic acid is unstable at temperatures below 150 degrees C. B) All of the malic acid underwent the dehydration reaction to form fumaric/maleic acid. C) Compound A and cyanide were available on primitive Earth. D) The reaction between ammonia and fumaric acid was catalyzed by the presence of water. - ANSWERSC) Compound A and cyanide were available on primitive Earth. he answer to this question is C since, in order for the experimental reaction sequence to be relevant to the primordial formation of aspartic acid, the starting materials used (Compound A and cyanide) are assumed to have been available. According to the developed chromatography plate shown below, what is the approximate Rf value of aspartic acid? aspartic acid = 2 solvent front = 10 A) 0.20 B) 0.50 C) 5 D) 10 - ANSWERSThe answer to this question is A (0.20) because Rf is the ratio of the distance travelled by the analyte relative to the solvent front during a chromatographic separation. Aspartic acid travelled two units, while the solvent front travelled ten units, giving an Rf of 2/10 = 0.20 for aspartic acid. Which of the following statements does NOT correctly describe the dehydration of malic acid to fumaric acid and maleic acid? A) The reaction occurs most readily with tertiary alcohols. B) The reaction involves the loss of a water molecule. C) The reaction has a carbocation intermediate. D) The reaction is stereospecific. - ANSWERSD) The reaction is stereospecific. The answer to this question is D because the fact that both fumaric and maleic acid are produced means that the dehydration of malic acid is NOT stereospecific. What type of functional group is formed when aspartic acid reacts with another amino acid to form a peptide bond? A) An amine group B) An aldehyde group C) An amide group D) A carboxyl group - ANSWERSC) An amide group The answer to this question is C because the functional group that forms during peptide bond formation is known as an amide group. If 2-pentanol replaces 1-pentanol in the reaction shown in Figure 3 (SN2), the rate of substitution is less because: A) the C-O bond in 2-pentanol is stronger than the C-O bond in 1-pentanol. B) there is a competing elimination reaction that slows the rate of substitution. C) there is more steric hindrance at the oxygen atom in 2-pentanol than in 1-pentanol, making protonation less likely. D) there is more steric hindrance at the 2-position of 2-pentanol than at the 1-position of 1-pentanol. - ANSWERSD) there is more steric hindrance at the 2-position of 2-pentanol than at the 1-position of 1-pentanol. The answer to this question is D because the rate of substitution of protonated alcohols is subject to steric hindrance. This inhibits the ability of nucleophiles to collide with the reacting electrophilic center and slows the rate of reaction. If a solution containing the compounds shown in Figure 4, is injected into a gas-liquid chromatograph, the first peak observed in the gc trace is attributable to which compound? A) Methyl-2-butanol B) Methyl-2-butene C) Chloro-2-methylbutane D) Bromo-2-mehtylbutane - ANSWERSB) Methyl-2-butene The answer to this question is B because 2-methyl-2-butene will exhibit the lowest molecular weight and also the weakest intermolecular forces of attraction. This substance will therefore migrate the fastest and be the first peak in the gas chromatograph (gc) trace. R vs. S stereochemistry* - ANSWERSR = clockwise C = counter-clockwise Acetic acid and ethanol react to form an ester product as shown below. In determining which reactant loses the -OH group, which of the following isotopic substitutions would be most useful? A) Replace the acidic H of acetic acid with D B) Replace the alcoholic H of ethanol with D. C) Replace the carbonyl oxygen of acetic acid with O-18. D) Replace the hydroxyl oxygen of ethanol with O-18. - ANSWERSD) Replace the hydroxyl oxygen of ethanol with O-18. The answer to this question is D because this experiment involves labeling a group which does not exchange with other groups present prior to reaction and will therefore give information about the true identity of the groups, which are exchanged during the reaction. A person whose eye has a lens-to-retina distance of 2.0 cm, can only clearly see objects that are closer than 1.0 m away. What is the strength S of the person's eye lens? (Note: Use the thin lens formula 1/O + 1/I = S) A) -50 D B) -10 D C) 51 D D) 55 D - ANSWERSC) 51 D The answer to this question is C because the strength of the eye lens is equal to the inverse of the focal length of the eye lens. Its numerical value is given by (1 m)-1+(0.02 m)-1=1 D+50 D=51 D. Which statement correctly describes how enzymes affect chemical reactions? Stabilization of: A) the substrate changes the free energy of the reaction. B) the transition state changes the free energy of the reaction. C) the substrate changes the activation energy of the reaction. D) the transition state changes the activation energy of the reaction. - ANSWERSD) the transition state changes the activation energy of the reaction. The answer is D because the stabilization of the transition state, not the substrate, provides binding energy that is used to lower the activation energy. Which of the following will decrease the percentage ionization of 1.0 M acetic acid, CH3CO2H(aq)?* A) Chlorinating the CH3 group B) Diluting the solution C) Adding concentrated HCl (aq) D) Adding a drop of basic indicator - ANSWERSC) Adding concentrated HCl (aq) The answer to this question is C because HCl is a strong acid that will increase the amount of H+ in solution and thus decrease the percentage of CH3CO2H that ionizes. When the current in the micro-robot's circuit increases and the resistance of the circuit remains constant, the voltage of the circuit: A) decreases B) increases C) is constant D) is zero - ANSWERSB) increases V = IR The answer to this question is B because according to Ohm's law, current is equal to voltage divided by resistance. If current increases and resistance is constant, then voltage increases as well. Knowing that the speed of light in the vitreous humor is 2.1 × 108 m/s, what is the index of refraction of the vitreous humor? (Note: The speed of light in a vacuum is 3.0 × 108 m/s.) A) 0.7 B) 1.4 C) 2.1 D) 3.0 - ANSWERSB) 1.4 n = c/v The answer to this question is B because the index of refraction of a medium is equal to the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the medium, thus it is equal to (3.0 x 108 m/s)/(2.1 x 108 m/s) = 1.4. The intensity of the radiation emitted by the oxygen sensor is directly proportional to the: A) propagation speed of the radiation B) wavelength of the radiation C) polarization of photons emitted D) number of photons emitted - ANSWERSD) number of photons emitted The answer to this question is D because the energy of electromagnetic radiation is directly proportional to the number of photons, and the intensity of electromagnetic radiation is defined as energy emitted per unit time. Thus, intensity is directly proportional to the number of photons emitted. What is the energy of the photons emitted by the LED at a frequency of 610 THz? (Note: h = 6.6 × 10-34 J·s) A) 9.2 × 10-12 J B) 1.6 × 10-16 J C) 1.1 × 10-18 J D) 4.0 × 10-19 J - ANSWERSD) 4.0 × 10-19 J The answer to this question is D because the energy of a photon of frequency 610 THz is equal to 6.6 x 10-34 J•s x 610 x 1012 Hz = 4 x 10-19 J. What percentage of standard atmospheric pressure is the pulse pressure of a healthy adult? The maximum and minimum blood pressures of a healthy adult are about Ps = 120 mmHg and Pd = 75 mmHg. Pp = Ps-Pd A) 10% B) 6% C) 2% D) 1% - ANSWERSB) 6% The answer to this question is B because the pulse pressure in a healthy adult is (120 − 75) mmHg = 45 mmHg, and so the percentage is 45 mmHg/760 mmHg = 6%. What fraction of a O-15 sample decays in 10 min? "The location of internal organs where changes in the calcium content occur can be found by placing positron-emitting isotopes such as O-15 (with a half-life = 2 min) into the patient's bloodstream) A) 1/8 B) 9/16 C) 3/4 D) 31/32 - ANSWERSD) 31/32 The answer to this question is D because the half-life of 15O is 2 minutes; thus, 10 minutes = 5 half-lives. Therefore, only (1/2)5 = 1/32 of the sample will be left after 10 minutes, while 31/32 of the sample will decay. Compared to micellular Compound 1, Compound 2 is structurally more rigid as a result of what type of interaction? A) Intermolecular hydrogen bonding B) Intermolecular covalent bonding C) Intramolecular hydrogen bonding D) Intramolecular covalent bonding - ANSWERSB) Intermolecular covalent bonding The answer to this question is B. It can be reasoned that the interaction described is intermolecular in nature, since multiple molecules of micellular Compound 1 come together to form Compound 2, which is a solid. Multiple pieces of information point to the fact that the interaction is disulfide bond formation, including the fact that an oxidant causes the formation of Compound 2, which can be reversed by the addition of a reducing agent. Which amino acid residues were incorporated into Compound 1 to promote the adhesion of cells on the scaffold surfaces? A) Arg and Gly B) Cys and Gly C) Cys and Asp D) Asp and Arg - ANSWERSD) Asp and Arg The answer to this question is D. The residues that were engineered into the peptide for cell adhesion are arginine and aspartate as can be reasoned based on the structure of the peptide provided, and the description of the roles of the various residues provided in the passage. Which amino acid was incorporated into Compound 1 as a future site of covalent attachment to HA prior to mineralization? A) Ser B) Ala C) Tyr D) Thr - ANSWERSA) Ser The answer to this question is A because serine is the residue that was phosphorylated, and phosphorylation enabled the protein to be subsequently attached to hydroxyapatite (HA). Compound 1 was designed to exhibit pH-dependent self-assembly. What feature(s) of the molecule is(are) responsible for the pH dependence of aggregation (Equation 1)? A) Thiol side chains that can hydrogen bond B) Long alkyl chains that exhibit predominantly London forces C) Side chains whose net charge responds to pH D) Covalent linkages that reversibly hydrolyze - ANSWERSC) Side chains whose net charge responds to pH [Show Less]
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