Etiology - Answer- The study of the causes, reasons and causal factors that provoke a disease
Idiopathic - Answer- Cause is unknown
Latrogenic - Answ... [Show More] er- caused by unintended or unwanted medical treatment
Risk Factor - Answer- a factor that may increase the likelihood of disease
Pathogenesis - Answer- Evolution of disease from initial stimulus to ultimate expression of the manifestation of disease
Subjective manifestations - Answer- personal feelings of abnormalities in the body
Objective manifestations - Answer- observed manifestation of disease
Latent period - Answer- time between exposure of tissue to agent and first appearance of signs and symptoms
subclinical stage - Answer- patient functions normally and disease process is already established
Acute clinical course - Answer- short lived and may have severe manifestations
Chronic clinical course - Answer- can last months or years, may follow an acute course
exacerbation - Answer- increase in severity, signs and symptoms
remission - Answer- decrease in severity, signs or symptoms (disease may be cured)
convalescence - Answer- stage of recovery after disease or illness
sequela - Answer- condition resulting from acute illness
statistic normality - Answer- estimate of diseases in normal population (bell shaped)
reliability - Answer- test the ability to give the same results of repeated measurements
validity - Answer- measurement that reflects true value of what t intends to measure
sensitivity - Answer- probability that test will be positive when applied to person with particular condition
specificity - Answer- probability that test will be negative when applied to a person without a condition
epidemiology - Answer- patterns of disease involving populations
endemic - Answer- native to local population
epidemic - Answer- spread to many people at same time
pandemic disease - Answer- spread to large geographic areas
Homeostasis - Answer- state in which symptoms are balanced at "set point" despite alterations w/in body
Allostasis - Answer- address complexity and variables of activity necessary to maintain/re-establish homeostasis
Stress - Answer- physical, chemical, emotional factor resulting in tension of body/mind/state that produces tension
stressors - Answer- agents or conditions that produce stress and endangers homeostasis
Acute Stress response - Answer- Selye stages (3)
alarm reaction - Answer- fight or flight due to stress. allostatic = attempts to restore homeostasis
stage of resistance - Answer- activity of nervous and endocrine system returning to homeostasis
stage of exhaustion - Answer- point where body can no longer return to homeostasis
allostatic overload - Answer- cost of body's organ/tissues for excessive or ineffective regulated response
catecholamines - Answer- norepinephrine/epinephrine, plays a role in allostasis, mediates fight or flight, ACUTE
adrenocortical steroids - Answer- cortisol/aldasterone, critical to homeostasis, synergize/antagonize effects of catecholamines
sex hormones - Answer- affect stress responses, tend to lower the levels with chronic stress
adaptation - Answer- process of change in respnse to new or altered circumstances, internal or external
coping - Answer- behavior adaptive response to stressor, may use cultural based mechanism
`allostatic overload - Answer- inadequate adaptation mechanism or overwhelming allostatic load, can result in inability to maintain homeostasis
problems with adaptation/coping with nervous system - Answer- neuropsychological manifestations, tic, fatigue, loss of motivation, anxiety, overeating, depression, insomnia
problems with adaptation/coping with cardiac system - Answer- disturbance of HR and rhythm, hypertension, stroke, CAD,
problems with adaptation/coping with GI - Answer- gastritis, IBS
ischemia and hypoxia injury - Answer- hypoxia caused by ischemia, ischemia most common cause of cell injury, combination of distribution of oxygen and metabolic waste
etiology of cellular injury - Answer- cellular events lead to lactic acidosis (proteins and enzymes become dysfunctional, only up to certain point can it be reversible
cellular injury, nutrition - Answer- need adequate amounts of fat, carbs, proteins, vitamins, minerals (b12, iron, glucose)
nutritional injury - Answer- poor intake, altered absorption, impaired dist. by circulatory system, insufficient cell uptake
infectious/immunologic injury - Answer- bacteria/viruses
chemical injury - Answer- toxic chemicals/poisons`
physical/mechanical injury - Answer- extremes in temp, changes in pressure, mechanical deformation, electricity, ionizing radiation
radiant energy - ionization - Answer- ionization - freee radical damage to cell structures
radiant energy - radiolysis - Answer- direct hit on DNA - DNA damage
hydropic swelling - Answer- cellular swelling due to accumulation of water , results in malfunction of sodium-potassium pump with accumulation of sodium ions within the cell, can result with loss of energy and swelling
characteristic of hydropic swelling - Answer- large, pale cytoplasm, dilated endoplasmic reticuluim and swollen mitochondria, "megaly"
intracellular accumulation - Answer- accumulations of substances WITH IN CELLS can lead to injury/toxicity/immune response
atrophy - Answer- cells shrink and reduce differentiated functions in response to normal/injurious factors. Can be caused by: disuse, denervation, ischemia, nutrient starvation, interruption of endocrine signals, cell injury, aging
hypertrophy - Answer- increase in cell mass accompanied with augmented functional capacity in response to physiologic and pathophysiologic demands
hyperplasia - Answer- increase in functional capacity relation to increase in CELL NUMBER due to mitotic division , due to physiologic demands or hormone situation
Metaplasia - Answer- replacement of one differentiated CELL TYPE, most often an adaptation to persistent injury, fully reversible when injurious stimulation is removed
Dysplasia - Answer- disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal variation/arrangement, represents adaptive effort gone astray, can transform into cancerous cells (preneoplastic lesions)
Anaplasia - Answer- tissue lac of differentiated feature, permanent change, neoplastic
Necrosis - Answer- Occurs as consequence of ischemia, toxic injury, characterized by CELL RUPTURE, spilling content in extracellular fluid and inflammation
Irreversible cell injury - gangrene - Answer- cellular death in a large area of tissue, results from interruption of blood supply to particular part of body
dry gangrene - Answer- form of coagulation necrosis, black, dry, wrinkled tissue separated by line of demarcation from healthy tissue
wet gangrene - Answer- liquefactive necrosis, found in internal organs
gas gangrene - Answer- results from infection of necrotic tissue by anaerobic bacteria (clostridium) characterized by formation of GAS BUBBLES
apoptosis - Answer- occurs in response to injury, that does not kill cell, triggers intracellular cascades that activates cellular suicide, no inflammation
cellular aging - Answer- result of progressive decline in proliferation and reparative capacity of cells combined with exposure to environmental factors and damage (extrinsic - injury/stress, intrinsic - gene control, telomere - length
physiological changes of aging - Answer- age related decrease in functional reserve, inability to adapt to environmental demand
2 types of environmental/extrinsic signals that induce a [Show Less]
